.    .  .  . 

ir:o    7 


56th  Cojigres 
1st  Session.      \ 


SENATE. 


DOCUMI.M 

No.  171. 


<*• 


y- 


February  15,  1900. — Ordered  to  be  printed. 


Mr.   Lodge,  from   the   Committee  on  the   Philippines,  reported  the 
following,  in  accordance  with  Senate  Resolution  No.  44: 

THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS,  A  BRIEF  COMPILATION  OF  THE 
LATEST  INFORMATION  AND  STATISTICS  OBTAINABLE  ON  THE 
NUMBERS,  AREAS,  POPULATION,  RACES  AND  TRIBES.  MINERAL 
RESOURCES,  AGRICULTURE,  EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS.  FORESTS, 
AND  HARBORS  OF  THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

[Published  under  the  direction  of  I  Commitl nthePhilipp 


This  compilation  was  made  under  authorization  of  a  resolution  of  the 
Senate  of  January  9,  L900.     The  resolution  reads: 

Resolved,  Thai  there  be  compiled  under  the  direction  of  the  Committee  on  the 
Philippines,  for  jthe  use  of  the_  Senate,  the  best  statistics  available  in  regard  to  the  area, 
population,  agricultural  and  mineral  resources,  export  and  import  trade  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  together  with  such  other  information  on  this  Bubject  as  the  committee 
may  deem  desirable. 


PREFACE. 

The  aim  of  this  pamphlet  is  to  resume  in  a  comparatively  short  com- 
pass the  latest  and  best  information  <>n  the  following  subjects: 

§  I.  The  numbers,  areas,  and  names  of  the  various  islands  in  the  Philippine 

group. 
§  II.  The  numbers,  names,  religion,  and  political  condition  of  the  various  native 
tribes  inhabiting  those  islands. 
§111.  The  agriculture,  inter-island  commerce,  transportation,  ami  manufactun 

•  the  Philippines. 
§  IV.  The  exports  and  imports  of  the  Philippines  to  and  from  the  principal  coon- 
tries  of  the  world. 
§  V.  The  mineral  resources  of  the  Philippines. 
\  VI.  The  woods  and  forest.- of  the  Philippines. 
§  VII.  The  harbors  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

The  following  \\<>rk>  have  been  used: 

For  §  I.  an  article  kindly  furnished  by  Professor  Pritchett,  of  the 
( 'oast  and  ( reodetic  Survey,  which  is  later  to  serve  as  an  introduction 
to  a  set  of  maps  to  be  published  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  as  a 
supplement  to  the  report  of  the  Commissioners  to  the  Philippines. 

For  §  II.  for  the  population,  an  article  by  Mr.  Wilcox,  of  the  Census 
Bureau,  embodying  all  the  latest  statistics  <»n  the  subject,  including 
tho«e  of  the  last  Spanish  census. 


2  PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

For  the  ethnography,  Volume  I  of  the  Report  of  the  American 
Commissioner!!!  to  the  Philippines  and  Blumentritt's  Versuch  Einer 
Ethnographic  der  Philippinen. 

For  '  :  III  and  IV,  the  Monthly  Summary  of  Commerce  and  Finance 
of  the  United  States  for  the  month  of  November,  L899,  published  by 
the  Bureau  of  Stati  tic  ,  and  embodying  the  most  recent  obtainable 
imformation  on  these  subje<  I 

For  §  V,  the  admirable  article  b}  George  F.  Becker  on  the  mineral 
i.  ourcesof  the  Philippines  which  appeared  in  the  Nineteenth  Annual 
Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Pari  VI,  continued, 
1898. 

For  s'  VI.  John  Foreman's  book,  The  Philippine  Islands. 

For  g  VII,  u  list  of  the  names  of  all  harbors  in  the  Philippines  w  hich 
have  been  surveyed  and  charted,  together  with  their  soundings  and 
genera]  features  (compiled  from  an  examination  of  ail  the  maps  of  the 
Philippines  published  by  the  1  [y drographic  <  Mfice  at  Washington).  As 
far  as  known,  there  is  no  account  of  the  harbors  in  the  Philippines 
obtainable. 

Though  die  above  menti >d  are  the  work-  which  have  been  princi- 
pally used,  of  course  man)  others  have  been  consulted,  t*uch  as 

Reisen  in  den  Philippinen.    •T:i,-ri  »r. 

Military  Notes  on  the  Philippines,  published  by  the  United   States   War 

Department. 
Voyages  aus  Philippines,  par  Montano. 
The  Philippines,  by  Dean  Worcester. 

Memorfas  Historicas  y  Estadistfcas  de  Filipffias.     I».  Rafael  Diaz  Arenas. 
Lee  Philippines.     Mallat,  etc. 

HISTOBK   \I     SI  MM  LET. 

The  Philippines  were  discovered  by  Magellan  on  the  16th  of  March. 
L521,  on  the  day  of  St.  Lazarus,  but  it  was  no!  until  l.~>r>4.  after  sev- 
eral expeditions  had  failed,  that  Legaspi  succeeded,  with  live  ships, 
which  fie  took  from  New  Spain  in  taking  possession  of  the  archipelago 

in  the  name  of  Philip  II.  The  discoverer  had  called  the  islands  after 
St.  Lazarus,  hut  this  name  was  not  commonly  in  use.  The  Spaniards 
called  tin1  western  islands  Islas  del  Poniente  and  the  Portuguese  islands 
Islas  del  Oriente.  Legaspi  gave  them  their  present  name  in  honor  of 
Philip  II,  who,  on  his  side,  added  later  the  title  of  New  Castile  to  the 
group.  Afterwards  Legaspi  took  Cel>u  and  then  Panay,  and  six  years 
later  he  conquered  Manila,  which  was  at  that  timea  village  surrounded 
by  palisades,  and  began  at  once  the  construction  of  a  fortified  city. 
The  conquest  of  the  remaining  provinces  of  Luzon  was  so  rapid  that 
at  the  time  of  Legaspi's  death,  in  August,  L572,  the  work  was  prac- 
tically ended;  lmt  numberless  wild  tribes  in  the  interior,  the  Moham- 
medan States  {)(  Mindanao,  and  the  Sulu  group  have  kept  even  to-dav 

their  independence. 

The  character  of  the  population,  as  well  as  their  political  tendencies, 
favored  Legaspi's  conquest.  There  was  no  powerful  kingdom,  no  old 
dynasty,  no  influential  priesthood  to  overcome  and  no  national  pride 
to  crush  down.  The  indigenous  races  were  either  heathen-;  or  super- 
ficially and  recently  converted  to  [slamism,  and  lived  under  many  little 
chiefs,  who  ruled  with  great  tyranny,  fighting  with  one  another,  and 
therefore  easily  overcome  by  the  Spaniards.     Such  a  community  is 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS.  3 

Barangay,  and  it  form-  even  to-day,  though  in  a  very  altered  form, 
the  basis  of  government  among  the  indigenous  races.  The  Spaniards 
limited  the  power  of  the  native  chief s  and  abolished  slavery.  They 
accomplished  these  changes,  however,  with  foresight  and  very  gradually. 

The  conquest  and  pacification  of  the  Philippines  was  performed  for 
the  most  part  by  Juan  de  Salcedo,  called  the  "Cortez  of  the  Philip- 
pines." lie  was  the  grandson  of  Legaspi  and  was  a  man  of  great 
courage  and  energy.  In  addition  to  many  explorations  and  discoveries 
and  much  righting  with  hostile  natives,  he  defeated  in  a  series  of  engage- 
ments an  invasion  of  Luzon,  which  was  attempted  by  about  5,000 
Chinese  under  the  command  of  Li-ma-hong,  a  Chinaman  who  had 
been  exiled  from  the  Empire  on  the  charge  of  piracy.  This  was  in  the 
year  1572.  In  15 76  Salcedo  died,  and  in  15m  >  Portugal  and  all  her 
colonies  passed  by  conquest  to  the  Crown  of  Spain.  This  was  the 
period  of  the  greatest  power  in  the  Philippines.  It  was  not  to  endure, 
however,  and  in  1040 Portugal  again  became  independent  and  her  many 
colonies  in  the  East  were  no  longer  governed  from  Manila. 

The  later  history  of  the  Philippines  is  not  of  any  particular  general 
interest  and  is  not  important  enough  to  enter  into  in  detail.  Fruit- 
less expeditions  against  pirates,  constant  trouble  with  the  Dutch,  and 
incessant  strife  between  the  spiritual  and  temporal  forces  in  the 
islands  till  a  long  series  of  years. 

In  176^  Manila  was  seized  by  an  English  fleet  and  held  for  a  time  as 
a  war  measure.  On  the  conclusion  of  peace  it  was  again  returned  to 
the  Spaniards.  From  then  until  its  final  cession  to  the  United  States 
the  only  events  worthy  of  remark  have  been  several  insurrections  in 
the  island  of  Luzon  against  Spanish  rule,  which  were  all  successfully 
repressed. 

GEOGRAPHICAL   LIMITS   OF    THE    PHn.IPPINES. 

The  Philippine  Archipelago  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  treaty 
signed  at  Paris  Decern) >er  10,  1898. 

The  cession  includes  the  islands  in  the  geographical  limits  set  forth 
vby  the  wording  of  the  treaty,  as  follows: 

A  line  running  from  west  to  east  along  or  near  the  twentieth  parallel  of  north  lati- 
tude, ami  through  the  middle  of  the  navigable  channel  of  Bachi,  from  the  one  hun- 
dred and  eighteenth  (118th)  to  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-seventh  (127th)  degree 
^meridian  of  longitude  east  of  Greenwich;  thence  along  the  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
Beventh  (127th)  degree  meridian  of  Longitude  easl  oi  Greenwich  to  the  parallel  of 
four  degrees  and  forty-five  minutes  (4°  45')  north  latitude;  thence  along  the  parallel 
of  four  degrees  and  forty-live  minutes  (4°  45')  north  latitude  to  its  intersection  with 
t    the  meridian  of  longitude  one  hundred  and  nineteen  degrees  and  thirty-live  minutes 
(119°  35')  east  of  Greenwich;  thence  along  the  meridian  of  longitude  one  hundred 
j   and  nineteen  degrees  and  thirty-five  minutes  (119°  35')  east  of  Greenwich  to  the 
parallel  of  latitude  seven  degrees  and  forty  minutes  iTMO'i  north;  thence  along  the 
arallel  of  latitude  seven  degrees  and  forty  minutes  (7°  40')  toils  intersection  with 
he  one  hundred  and  sixteenth  (116th)  degree  meridian  of  longitude  east  of  Green- 
wich; thence  by  a  direct  line  to  the  intersection  of  the  tenth  (10th)  degree  parallel 
of  north  latitude  with  the  one  hundred  and  eighteenth  (118th)  degree  meridian  of 
longitude  east  of  Greenwich,  and  thence  along  the  one  hundred  ami  eighteenth 
(118th)  degree  meridian  of  longitude  east  of  Greenwich  to  the  point  of  beginning. 

In  the  description  of  the  northern  limits  the  line  through  the  navi- 
gable channel  of  Bachi  governs  as  against  the  statement  that  it  shall 
iollowr  along  or  near  the  twentieth  parallel  of  north  latitude. 


n:: 


PHILIPPINE    l    i  ..'■. 


I.«  >\.,|  I  I   i.l      \M-    [>ATK. 


The  cathedral  in  Manila  b  in  north  latitude  n    35'  31"  and  in  lon- 
gitude L20    58' 08",  or  8h  08"  52.2  ea  t  of  Greenwich  or  lO11 27' 
wesl  <»t  Washington. 

Spanish  maps,  as  ;i  rule,  reckon  the  longitude  from  the  meridian  of 
San  Fernando,  which  is  6    I-'  20"  weel  of  Greenwich. 

The  date  reckoning  now  conforms  to  European  usage.  Prior  to 
L845,  however,  there  was  ;■  difference  of  one  day.  The  change  was 
made  bv  suppressing  the  date  following  December  80,  L844,  which 
would  have  been  Tuesday,  and  calling  il  Wednesday,  January  l.  L845. 

In  regard  to  the  number  and  areas  of  tin-  islands  in  the  archipelago 
there  must  necessarily  l>e  b  certain  inaccuracy,  because  the  group  has 
never  been  properly  surveyed,  and  the  only  method  of  determining  the 
number  ana  areas  is  bj  counting  and  measuring  on  the  charts.  The 
following  figures  are  probably  the  best  ever  compiled.  They  arc 
drawn  from  enumeration  and  mensuration  on  map-  recently  obtained  l>y 
the  United  States  commissioners  to  the  Philippines  and  w  nich  are  with 
out  doubt  the  most  complete  and  the  most  thorough  ever  made.  The 
following  is  quoted  from  the  introduction  to  these  maps,  which  arc 
being  published  by  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.  All 
the  islands  or  groups  having  an  area  of  over  ii"  square  miles  have 
been  measured,  and  the  areas  are  here  given  in  square  miles  and  square 
kilometers. 

Many  different  statements  have  been  made  in  regard  to  the  number  of  the  Islands 
composing  the  archipelago.    The  canse  for  this  must  be  attributed  to  the  scale  of  the 
charts  on  which  the  counl  was  made  and  the  difficulty  of  riiatingniahing  |. 
nicks  and  formations  of  Bufficienl  ana  to  dignify  them  by  the  name  of  islands.    Thus 

on  a  small-scale  Spanish  chart  of  the  entire  groupe  948  islands  were  counted;  on 
various  large-scale  charts  of  the  Bame  ana  there  were  found  1,725. 

The  principal  islands,  with  the  extent  of  shun-  line  of  Borne  of  them  and  their  area, 
are  given  on  the  following  lists.    The  areas  were  carefully  measured,  but  are  subject 

to  tlie  inaccuracy  of  the  chart.-. 

AKKA 


Name. 


Babuyan  

Bagata,  or  Quinalasag 

BaTabao 

Basilar) 

Batan 

Banlavan 

Bohol' 

Uncus 

Buriaa 

Busuanga  

Calayan 

Calamian 

Camlguin     ( Ba  bnyan  ea 

group) 

Camlguin ~ 

Catanduanei 

Cebu  

Dalupiri 

DInagat 

Dumaran 

Puga 

(illiniums 

Leite  (Leyte) 

Llnapacan  

Luzon  

Mactan 

Ifalbou  i  Homonkoo    

kfarindugua 

Masbaic 


Square 

miles. 


Square 

kilo- 
meters. 


350 

21 

54 

67 

l.  139 

8,  727 

41 

lik', 

168 

87 

96 

117 

303 

M 

lin 

71 

isl 

1,761 

1 .  7  12 

20 

671 

2 16 

21 

M 

176 

156 

2.  7l:< 

7,027 

10 

104 

SO 

'.'1 

7  IS 

1,290 

1,841 

Mindanao  

Ifindoro 

Kegroa 

Olutanga 

Panaou 

l'anuv 

Panglao 

Pangutaran 

Paratfua.or  Palawan 

Polillo 

Samal 

Samar 

Saranguani 

Semerara 

Blargao 

SJbuyan 

Biqutjor 

Sulu.er  Jolo 

Tablaa 

Ttcao 

YbayatiOr  Il>avat ... 
Yliu 

Alahat 

Jomalig 

Banton 

Simara 

Koiul-lou 


36,237 

71 

3.937 

131 
241 


Snuare 
kilo- 
meters. 


90  354 

10,987 
12,57' 

148 

85 

10, 197 

598 

13.054 
'."3 
60 

339 
215 

243 

57 
62 


197 
114 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 


AREA— Continued. 


Square 

miles. 


groups — continued 

Daram 

Buad 

Camotes  group: 

Ponson 

■     Poro 

Pasijan 

Calaguas  group: 

Tinagua 

Guintinua 

Cnyoe  Kroup: 

Cuyoe  

Cugo 

Agutaya 

Hamipo 

Bisukei 

Laguan 

Batag 

I.iinliancauyan 

Mesa  nr  Talajlt 

Mali  pi  pi 

Balupiri 

Bilirau 


184 


Square 
kilo- 
meters. 


Name. 


Square      ^ 
miles 


kilo- 
meters. 


groups — continued. 

Lubang 

Ambil 

Golo 

San  Miguel 

Batan  

Cacraray 

Rapurrapu 

Tawi  Tawi  group: 

Tawi  Tawi 

Tabulinga 

Tandubato 

Others  of  the  Tawi  Tawi 
group 

Total  measured 

Estimated  area  of  unmeas- 
ured islands 

Total  area 


63 
82 

183 
54 


1«3 


474 
140 


118,542 

1,000 


307,025 
2,590 


119,542         309,615 


LENGTH  OF  GENERAL  SHORE  LINE. 


Name. 


Bohol 

Cebu 

Jolo  Archipelago 

Kalamines 

Leite 

Luzon  

Masbate 

Mindanao 


Statute 

Kilome- 

miles. 

ters. 

161 

259 

310 

499 

s.> 

1,381 

126 

203 

363 

584 

2,144 

3,450 

244 

393 

1,592 

2,562 

Name. 


Mindoro 

Negros 

Palawan 

I'anay 

Samar 

Minor  islands 

Total... 


Statute 

miles. 


322 
386 

(144 

::;: 

412 
3,505 


11,444 


Kilome- 
ters. 

518 
621 

1,036 
607 
663 

5,641 


18,417 


POPULATION. 

The  following  is  a  quotation  from  an  article  by  W.  F.  Wilcox,  of  the 
United  States  Census  Bureau.  It  is  well  to  notice  that  the  last  official 
census  was  in  L887  and  that  the  figures  of  that  census,  though  probably 
underestimating  the  population  of  the  islands,  are  the  ones  which,  in 
default  of  better,  we  are  obliged  to  take  as  final.  It  is  probable  that 
these  are  an  understatement  of  the  true  population  of  the  Philippines 
for  several  reasons,  among  which  is  one  not  observed  by  Mr.  \\  ilcox, 
and  which  is  therefore  mentioned.  It  is,  of  course,  only  supposition, 
but  is  at  least  suggestive.  For  every  adult  counted  in  the  census  the 
officials  were  obliged  to  return  a  poll  tax.  Thus,  for  instance,  if  L 00,000 
persons  were  counted  100,000  pesetas  would  have  to  be  returned  to  the 
treasury.  It  has  therefore  been  supposed  that  the  officials  counted, 
say.  L50,000  and  returned  only  100,000  pesetas  and  100,000  names. 

Mr.  Wilcox  says  (Am.  Statistical  Assoc.  Publ.,  Sept.,  1899): 

The  population  of  the  islands  in  1872  was  stated  in  a  letter  to  Nature  (6:162),  from 
Manila,  by  Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer,  who  gives  the  latest  not  yet  published  statistics  as  his 
authority.     The  letter  gives  the  population  of  nine  islands,  as  follows: 

Luzon 4,  467,  1 1 1 

Panay 1 ,  052,  686 

Cebu 427,356 

Leite 285,  495 

Bohol 283,  5 1 5 

Negros 255, 873 

Samar 250, 062 

Mindanao 191,  B02 

Mindoro 70,926 


6  PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

It  also  gives  the  population  of  each  of  the  43  provinces  of  the  islands.  The  popu- 
lation was  not  counted,  hut  estimated.  The  number  who  paid  tribute  was  stated  as 
1,232,544.  How  this  was  ascertained  we  are  not  informed.  The  total  population, 
7,451,352,  was  approximated  "  on  the  supposition  that  about  the  sixth  part  of  the 
whole  has  to  pay  trihute."  In  reality  this  population  is  6.046  times  the  assigned 
tribute-paying  population. 

But  Dr.  Meyer  adds:  "As  there  exist  in  all  the  islands,  even  in  Luzon,  independ- 
ent trihes  and  a  large  number  in  Mindanao,  the  numher  of  7,451,352  <_'ives  no  correct 
idea  of  the  real  population  of  the  Philippines.  This  is  not  known  at  all  and  will  not 
he  known  for  a  long  time  to  come." 

Since  1872  there  have  been  actual  enumerations  of  the  Philippines,  hut  authorities 
differ  as  to  the  time  when  they  occurred  and  the  detailed  results.  These  enumera- 
tions were  usually  confined  to  the  subject  and  Catholic  population,  and  omitted  the 
heathen,  Mohammedan,  and  independent  tribes. 

Four  reports  of  the  entire  population  have  been  printed: 

1.  A  report  made  by  the  religious  orders  in  1876  or  1877,  in  which  the  nationalities 
and  creeds  of  the  population  were  distinguished. 

2.  A  manuscript  report  to  Professor  Blumentritt  of  the  enumeration  made  by  the 
religious  orders  in  December,  1879. 

3.  The  official  report  of  the  civil  census  of  December  31,  1877,  contained  in  Resena 
geog.  y  estad.  de  Espafia,  1888,  p.  1079. 

4.  The  official  report  upon  the  census  taken  by  the  civil  officers  December  31,  1887, 
and  printed  in  the  first  volume  of  Censo  de  la  Poblacion  de  Espaha,  at  Madrid,  in  1891. 

The  first  two  may  be  compared,  and  tend  somewhat  to  corroborate  each  other,  as 
follows: 


1876-77. 


1879. 


1.  Tribute-paying  natives 5, 501, 356 

2.  Army 14, 545 

3.  Navy 2, 924 

4.  Religious  officers  (Geistlichkeit) 1 ,  962 

5.  Civil  officers 5, 552 

6.  Other  Spaniards 13, 265 

Total  Spaniards 38, 248 

Total  Catholics 

Heathen  and  Mohammedan  natives 

Foreigners  (in  1876  there  were:    British,  176;    German,  109;    Americans,  42; 

French,  30) 

Chinese 

Total 


5, 539, 604 
602, 853 

378 
30, 797 


6, 173, 632 


5, 777, 522 
632, 645 

592 
39, 054 


6, 449, 813 


The  third  enumeration  reported  5,567,685  as  the  tribute-paying  population.  To 
this  number  should  be  added  the  estimated  number  of  the  independent  tribes,  "  Indios 
no  sometidos;"  this  according  to  the  missionaries'  count  was  about  600,000,  making 
a  total  of  6,167,685.  Most  experts  agree  that  this  official  report  is  untrustworthy  and 
involves  serious  omissions,  but  believe  that  the  facts  are  so  imperfectly  known  that 
thev  are  unable  to  correct  it. 

One  author,  del  Pac,  writing  in  1882,  started  from  the  missionaries'  census  of 
1876-77,  viz,  6,173,632,  assumed  that  this  omitted  as  many  as  600.000  members  of 
independent  tribes  and  that  the  increase  of  1876-1882  would  be  740,000.  In  this  way 
he  got  7,513,632.  A  second  writer,  Sanciano,1  estimated  the  population  in  1881  as 
10,260,249. 

The  missionaries  made  an  estimate  of  their  own  in  1885  which  showed  9,529,841. 

The  fourth  enumeration  of  those  mentioned  above  showed  a  population  of  5,985,123 
in  1887,  and  the  totals  both  for  the  group  as  a  whole  and  for  the  fifty  odd  provinces 
tend  to  confirm  and  to  be  confirmed  by  the  civil  count  of  1877.  This  number,  how- 
ever, represents  only  the  nominally  Catholic  or  tribute-paying  population.  To  it 
must  be  added  the  Mohammedan  or  heathen  tribes  set  down  by  clerical  authorities 
as  about  600,000.  Perhaps  the  highest  authority  in  this  field,  Professor  Blumentritt, 
is  confident  that  this  number  does  not  include  all  the  independent  tribes,  but  only 
those  in  the  mountains  who  have  a  special  arrangement  freeing  them  from  all  the 
dues  of  the  subject  tribes.     On  the  whole,  therefore,  Prof.  H.  Wagner  is  inclined 


Sanciano,  El  Progreso  de  Filipinas,  Madrid,  J  881. 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS.  7 

to  estimate  these  omissions  ol  independent  or  non-Christian  tribes  at  about  1,000,000 
and  the  population  of  tbe  group  at  about  7,000,000.  This  result  is  indorsed  by  the 
latest  German  authority,  Hiibner's  Geographisch-Statistische  Tabellen  for  1898, 
which  gives  the  population  as  5,985,124  +  1,000,000  =  6,985,124,  as  follows 


Spanish 
census. 


Estimated 
number  not 

counted. 


Luzon  and  adjacent  islands. 

M  indoro  and  Masbate 

Visayas  Archipelago 

Mindanao 

Calamianes  and  Palawan . . . 
Jolo  (Sulu)  Islands 

Total 


3, 443, 000 

126,000 

2,181,000 

209, 000 

22, 000 

4,000 


150,000 
100,000 
200,000 
400, 000 
50,000 
100,000 


5, 985, 000 


1,000,000 


Personally  I  am  disposed  to  suspect  that  this  number,  although  called  by  Professor 
Wagner  an  outside  estimate,  is  below  rather  than  above  the  truth.  In  favor  of  this 
position  it  maybe  urged  that  Professor  Wagner's  estimate  makes  no  allowance  either 
for  the  natural  increase  of  population,  1887-1898,  or  for  the  fact  that  the  first  careful 
census  of  densely  populated  regions,  like  India  and  Japan,  usually  reveals  a  larger 
population  than  had  been  previously  estimated.  This  analogy  might  reasonably  be 
applied  to  Luzon  and  the  Visayas. 

ETHNOGRAPHY. 

On  this  subject  there  is  a  certain  diversity  of  opinion.  First  an 
extract  is  quoted  from  the  first  volume  of  the  report  of  the  American 
Commissioners  to  the  Philippines,  which  may  be  considered  as  the  latest 
authority,  and  an  article  is  appended  based  on  the  admirable  work  of 
Blumentritt,  "Versuch  einer  Ethnographic  der  Philippinen,"  to  be 
found  in  "Dr.  A.  Peterman's  mittheilungen  aus  Justus  Perthes1  geo- 
graphischer  anstalt."  These  two  accounts  of  the  ethnography  of  the 
islands  to  a  certain  extent  supplement  each  other,  and  it  has  been  con- 
sidered advisable  to  print  them  both,  as  together  they  certainly  con- 
tain all  available  information  on  the   subject. 

THE    NATIVE    PEOPLES   OF   THE    PHILIPPINES. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Philippines  belong  to  three  sharply  distinct 
races — the  Negrito  race,  the  Indonesian  race,  and  the  Malayan  race. 

It  is  universally  conceded  that  the  Negritos  of  to-day  are  the  disap- 
pearing remnants  of  a  people  which  once  populated  the  entire  archi- 
pelago. They  are  physically  weaklings  of  low  stature,  with  black 
skin,  closely  curling  hair,  flat  noses,  thick  lips,  and  large,  clumsy  feet. 
In  the  matter  of  intelligence  they  stand  at  or  near  the  bottom  of  the 
human  series,  and  they  are  believed  to  be  incapable  of  any  consider- 
able degree  of  civilization  or  advancement. 

Centuries  ago  they  were  driven  from  the  coast  regions  into  the 
wilder  interior  portions  of  the  islands  by  Malay  invaders,  and  from 
that  day  to  this  they  have  steadily  lost  ground  in  the  struggle  for  exist- 
ence, until  but  a  few  scattered  and  numerically  insignificant  groups 
of  them  remain.  As  a  rule  they  are  to  be  met  with  only  on  the  forest- 
clad  sides  of  the  higher  mountains  of  Luzon,  Panay,  Negros,  and  Min- 
danao, although  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Luzon  they  are  said  to 
still  inhabit  the  wooded  lowlands  near  the  coast.  They  lead  a  nomadic 
life,  wandering  almost  naked  through  the  forests,  and  living  on  fruits, 
tubers,  and  such  game  as  they  can  bring  down  with  their  bows  and 


8  PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

poisoned  arrow-.  It  is  believed  thai  doI  more  than  35,000  of  them 
exisl  in  the  entire  archipelago,  and  the  race  seems  'loomed  to  early 
extinction.  Within  a  comparatively  shorl  time  it  has  completely  dis- 
appeared from  several  of  tne  islands  which  it  formerly  inhabited,  and 
it  is  said  thai  the  birth  rate  is  now  considerably  below  the  death  ran-. 

So  far  as  is  al  present  know  d  the  Philippine  t  ribes  belonging  to  the 
Indonesian  race  are  routined  to  the  greal  island  of  .Mindanao,  the  sur- 
face of  which  constitutes  aboul  one-third  of  the  total  land  area  of  the 
archipelago.  Ii  is  possible  thai  a  more  careful  study  of  the  wild  peo- 
ples of  North  Luzon  will  sho\n  thai  here  also  their  exisl  Indonesian 
tribes  or  tribes  showing  evidences  of  Indonesian  origin;  but  this  is  a 
question  which  remains  to  be  determined. 

The  Philippine  representatives  of  this  race  are  physically  superior 
not  only  to  the  Negritos,  l>ut  to  the  more  numerous  Malayan  peoples 
a-  well."  They  are  tall  and  well  developed,  with  high  foreheads,  aqui- 
line ooses,  wavy  hair,  and  often  with  abundant  beards.  The  color  of 
their  skins  is  quite  light.  Many  of  them  are  very  clever  and  intelli- 
gent. None  <»f  the  tribes  have  been  Christianized.  Some  of  them  have 
grown  extremely  fierce  and  warlike  as  a  result  of  their  long  struggle 
with  hostile  Malayan  peoples.  Others,  more  happy  in  their  surround- 
ings, are  pacific  and  industrious. 

The  great  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Philippines  are  of 
Malayan  extraction,  although  the  race  is  not  found  pure  in  any  of  the 
islands,  but  is  everywhere  more  or  less  modified  through  intermarriage 
with  Chinese.  Indonesians.  Negritos.  Arabs,  and.  to  a  limited  extent. 
Spaniards  and  other  European-. 

The  individuals  belonging  to  these  Malayan  tribes  are  of  medium 
size,  with  straight  black  hair.  As  a  rule  the  men  are  beardless,  and 
when  they  have  a  beard  it  is  usually  straggling  and  appears  late  in  life. 
The  skin  is  brown  and  distinctly  darker  than  that  of  the  Indonesians, 
although  very  much  lighter  than  that  of  the  Negritos.  The  nose  is 
short  and  frequently  considerably  flattened. 

The  representatives  of  these  three  races  are  divided  into  numerous 
tribes,  which  often  differ  very  greatly  in  language,  manners,  customs, 
and  laws,  as  well  as  in  degree  of  civilization.  In  numerical  impor- 
tance they  range  from  the  Visayans,  numbering  more  than  2,600,000, 
to  the  Calanganes.  of  whom  but  a  bare  300  remain.  The  greater  part 
of  the  tribes  are  wild  and  pagan,  but  the  civilized  and  Christian- 
ized peoples,  although  few  in  number,  include  the  majority  of  the 
inhabitant-. 

That  the  Filipinos  do  not  constitute  "a  nation."  or  "a  people."  will 
appear  from  the  perusal  of  the  following  table,  which  gives  the  names 
of  the  various  tribes  so  far  as  known,  the  regions  which  they  respec- 
tively inhabit,  and.  where  practicable,  an  estimate  of  the  number  of 
individuals  composing  each. 

It  may  seem  strange  that  in  some  instances  the  same  name  shouli 
appear  repeatedly  in  the  list  of  tribes.     The  explanation  is  that  ii 
different  localities  very  distinct  people  sometimes  bear  the  same  ap] 
lation.     There  is  almost  nothing  in  common,  for  instance,  between  th< 
Manguianes  of  Mindoro  and  the  tribe  known  under  the  same  name  in 
the  island  of  Sibuyan,  while  many  of  the  Negrito  tribes  are  so  little 
known  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  even  whether  they  are  of  pure  blood 
or  greatly  modified  by  intermarriage  with  other  peoples. 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 


9 


Tribt .  number,  and  hahiu  t. 
THE  NEGRITO  B 


Local  name  of  tribe.        Number. 


Habitat. 


1.  Aetas 

2.  Aetas , 

3.  Atti  • 

4.  Buquiles  ... 

5.  Buquiles  . . 

6.  Mainanuas.. 

7.  Mangodanes 

B.  Manjjuiancs 

9.  Manguianes 

10.  Manguianes 

gntoe 

\1.  Neg 

13.  Negi 

14.  Negritos 

16.  Negritos 

16.  Negritos 

l".  Negritoe 

-ritos 

19.  Negritos 

20.  N(  gritos 

Total 


3,000 


Pangasinan  (Luz< - 
Zanibales  i Luzon). 
Province  of  Cagajan,  in  Luzon,  and  the  eastern  mountain  chain 

down  to  the  Pacific  coast. 
Mindoro. 
Zambalc-  (Luzon  I. 

:   Mainit   Lake:   peninsula  of  Sorigao,  and   the  coast 

mountain  chain  on  the  Pacific  down  to  Tago   'Mindanao). 
Mindoro  'part'. 
Tablas  and  Sibuyan    part  . 
Masbate  (part' . 
: 

Province  of  Bataan.  island  of  Luzon. 
Vicinity  of  Pilis;.  Albay  Province,  southeast  Luzon. 
North  uocos  (Luz 
South  I  >n). 

Tayabae 
North  Camarines  (mountains  of  Oapalonga,  Mambulag,  Para- 

.     /'in). 
Nneva  Ecija  (Luzon). 
Doilo  (Panay). 

Vicinity  of  Iriga    south  Camarines)  (Luzon). 

Albay    Luzon). 


25,000(?) 


THE  INDONESIAN  RACE. 
(Confined  to  Mindanao.) 


1 

Atas 

21,000(?) 

12,000 
1,500 

300 

(?) 

6,400 
30,000 

(?) 
20,000 

25,000 

1,000 
70, 000  (?) 
30,000    • 
10, 000  (?) 
14,000 

10,000 

In  the  regions  near  Mount  Apo,  on  the  western  and  north- 

Foothills  of  Mount  Apo  (east  and  Bonth). 

Two  of  the  Sarangani  Islands  and   the  eastern  part  of  Lake 

Buluan. 
Golf  of  Davao. 

The  forests  and  mountains  distant  some  45  miles  from  Tamon- 
rd  its  south 
-  mthern  slopes  of  Mount  Apo. 

? 

R 

4. 
5. 

6 

Calanganes 

Dulanganes 

7 

8. 
q 

Manguangas 

from  TtLndag  to  Matti:  very  num.  - 
The  left-hand  tributaries  of  the  river  Salng. 
Very  numerous  in  the  valley  of  the  river  Agusan.     In  much 

smaller  numbers  to  the  northward  of  the  Bay  of  Mala 

of  Davao,  and  on  Cape  St.  Augustine  and  in  the  (list 

Cottabato. 

•.  Gimgog  and  Nasipit  and  in  the  mountains  and  valleys 

of  Tagoloan. 

in 

n 

i" 

la 

1  i 

16. 

Ifi 

tolos 

Malalag  and  the  mountains  of  Aguimintan  and  the  farther  coast 
of  St.  Augustine. 

THK   MALAYAN   RACK, 


1.  A  bunion 

2.  Adaugtas 

3.  Alia 

4.  A  pa;. 

5.  Aripas 

6.  Attas 

7.  Balugas 

8.  Bico 

9.  Bulalacaunos 

10.  Buquils 

11.  Buriks 


(?) 
3,0000 

1,000(?) 
(?) 
3,000  ? 


518, 100 


Zambales  (Luzon). 

The  extreme  north  of  the  cordillera  of  the  western  raraballos 

(Luzon). 
Panay. 

to  the  highest  part  of  tbe  Grand  Cordillera 

i  Luzon). 

»1  of  Tabang  f Luzon). 
The  forests  of  south  Camarines  (Luzon). 
Eastern  Cordillera  of  Nueva  Ecija.  Tayabas,  and  Zambn' 

em  mountains  of   the   North  and   Bouth   Ilocos   pr 

(Lu/ 
albay,  Ambos  Camarines,  and  a  part  of  Tayab 
North  of  Palawan  and  Calamianes  group. 
Mindoro,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bacoand  Bubaan. 
Western  iistriit  of  Lepianto 

(Luzon). 


10 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

Tribe,  number,  andkabitat — Continued. 
I  in-.  MALAYAN  RACE    Continued. 


I mI  name  ol  tribe. 

Number. 

Habitat. 

1? 

166.800 

I!,  000  (7) 
10,000(?) 

(?) 

6,000(?) 

4,000(?) 
23,000(?) 
(?) 

111,700 

4,000(?) 

3.000(?) 

4,000(?) 

(?) 

R 

100,000 

Niar  Benang.to  the  north  of  1 1 j » -  Buriks  (Lnzon). 

n 

Province!  of  Cagayan  and  [sabella  |  Luzon) . 

Malaueg,  valley  of  the  river  Chlco  on  the  side  of  Itaves. 

1 1 

i  ■ 

Hi 

Calibuganes 

Gulf  of  Bibugey  (Luzon). 

To  the  north  of  theCalauas,  between  the  Bio  Grande  of  Cagayan 

17. 

IS 

and  the  Abulog  or  Apayao  I  Luzon  | 
Eastern  branch  of  the  river  uagan  (Luzon). 
Panay. 

South  Camartnes.  Isarog  Mountain  (Luzon  , 
Kniiii  Baler  and  ( lasignran  to  the  north  coast  of  the  Pacific  Bide 

I'.l. 

"II 

"1 

of  Luzon. 

From  the  river  Qadet  to  the  river  Chico  of  Cagayan.    They  live 

.... 

to  the  north  Of  the  LfUgaOfl  I  Luzon) . 
Nueva  Vizcaya  (Luzon). 

.... 

•1 

Neighbors  of  the  Uongotes  (Luzon). 

■'"> 

Missions  of  Ituv  and  Panigui,  eastern  Caraballos  (Luzon  i. 

■•h 

MonntTrrlga,  provinces  oT  South  Camarlnes,  Abra,  Pangasinnn, 

"7 

Nueva  Vizcaya  Zambales,  Panpanga,  etc.  [Luzon 

<ffi 

•X| 

trict  of  Principe  (Luzon  | . 
Banks  of  the  River  Huron,  eastern  slopes  of  sierra  Madra,  on  the 

side  of  Nueva  Vizcaya,  Isabela,  and  Cagayan  (Luzon). 

Panay. 

To  the  east  of  the  Busaos,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Igorrotes 
of  Benguet  and  on  the  north  by  the  Guianes  (Luzon). 

Mindoro,  between  Abra,  Hog,  and  Pinamalayan. 

Mindoro,  to  the  south  of  Pinamalayan  and  the  island  of  Sibu- 
yan. 

The  Bulu  Archipelago. 

The  Mohammedans  from  Baguan.  near  the  Gulf  of  Mayo  north- 
ward to  Daron  to  the  south  of  Davao  (Mindanao). 

The  Rio  Grande,  Malanao,  and  Illana  Bay  (Mindanao  . 

Pampanga  (Luzon). 

Pangasinan  (Luzon). 

Coast  region  of  Basilan. 

Northeast  of  Saranganl  (Mindanao). 

SO 

31. 

32. 
33. 

[tetapaanes 

Manguianes 

Manguianes 

•;"> 

S6 

(?) 

337,900 
365,500 

8 

1,663,900 

© 

(?) 
16,000(?) 

2.500 
2,601,tx0 

(?) 

S7. 
38. 
39. 

Samales  Lauts 

II 

1" 

43. 

11. 

45 

Tandolanos 

Tinguianes 

Eastern  coast  of  Palawan. 

The  Cordillera  of  Tila,  district  of  Lepanto,  and  the  province  of 

Abra  (Luzon). 
Eastern  part^f  Palawan. 

4fi 

47 

Total  tribes,  84. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  information  as  to  the  number  of  individuals 
constituting  these  various  tribes  is  extremely  incomplete,  and  it  is  to 
be  feared  that  even  such  figures  as  are  obtainable  are  far  from  reliable. 
It  is  extremely  difficult  to  arrive  at  anything-  approaching  a  correct 
estimate  of  the  numbers  of  even  the  more  important  civilized  tribes. 
Considerable  differences  exist  between  the  statements  of  different 
authorities  as  to  populations  of  those  provinces  which  are  best  known, 
while  the  Spanish  official  statistics  are  notoriously  unreliable.  Such 
estimates  as  exist  as  to  the  numerical  importance  of  the  various  wild 
tribes  are  at  the  best  mere  guesses. 

In  attempting  to  determine  the  numbers  of  the  different  civilized 
peoples  one  meets  the  further  obstacle  that  many  provinces  are  inhab- 
it ed  in  part  by  Christians  and  in  part  by  savages.  In  some  instances 
the  populations  given  for  these  regions  are  manifestly  intended  to 
include  the  wild  as  well  as  the  civilized  inhabitants,  but  there  is  no 
means  of  telling  how  many  fall  under  the  one  head  and  how  many  under 
the  other.  In  other  cases  it  is  expressly  stated  that  the  uncivilized 
natives  are  not  included,  and  oftener  yet  there  is  no  statement  at  all 
on  the  subject,  so  that  one  is  left  in  doubt 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS.  11 

These  difficulties  arc  met  with  chiefly  in  the  island  of  Luzon,  and 
are  due  to  the  presence  there  of  six  civilized  tribes,  as  well  as  very 
numerous  wild  tribes.  In  estimating  the  population  the  plan  has  been 
followed  of  assigning  to  each  of  these  several  civilized  tribes  all  of  the 
inhabitants  given  for  those  provinces  where  it  is  known  to  predomi- 
nate. In  some  provinces,  however,  it  is  impossible  to  follow  this 
course,  as  representatives  of  several  of  the  civilized  tribes  occur,  and 
there  is  no  way  of  determining  in  what  proportions.  It  will  be  found. 
therefore,  that  the  summary  of  population  by  tribes  falls  below  the 
summary  which  takes  into  consideration  only  the  total  number  of 
inhabitants  recorded  for  each  province,  district.  or  coniandancia;  the 
latter  total,  according  to  the  statistics  which  have  been  followed  in  this 
report,  is  6,709,810.  Any  estimate  of  the  total  population  must  mani- 
festly depend  on  the  Dumber  of  inhabitants  assigned  to  tin-  various 
wild  tribes,  of  which  there  are  no  less  than  »',:». 

For  the  purposes  of  this  report  the  commission  has  adopted  as  the 
total  figure  8,000,000,  considering  this  a  conservative  estimate.  Bara- 
nera,  whose  figures  are  believed  to  be  carefully  prepared,  places  the 
total  at  9,000,000. 

The  extent  of  territory  occupied  in  whole  or  in  part  by  each  of  tin1 
more  important  civilized  tribes  can  be  estimated  with  a  greater  degree 
of  accuracy,  and  is  approximately  as  follows: 


Approximate 
Tribe.  comber  of 

Individuals 


Territory  oc- 
cupied. 


Visavans 2,601,600 

Tagalogs 1  < 


Bicols. 

Docanos  

Pangasinans . 
Pampangas .. 

Moros 

Cagayan.s 


■MS,  1<H) 

111. TIKI 

365,500 

:;:;7.  900 
268,000 


.<jimrt   milts. 
■J.s.lm 

6,900 
6,170 

1,950 

11,050 


All  of  these  peoples,  although  ignorant  and  illiterate,  are  possessed 
of  a  considerable  degree  of  civilization,  and,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Mohammedan  Moros,  are  Christianized. 

Of  the  wild  tribes  in  general  it  may  be  said  that  while  many  of  them 
are  pacific  and  quite  harmless  so  long  as  they  are  decently  treated,  not 
a  few  are  decidedby  the  reverse.  Head  hunting  is  practiced  by  sev- 
eral of  the  peoples  of  north  Luzon,  some  of  whom  have  even  been 
accused  of  eating  portions  of  the  bodies  of  their  victims.  A  considera- 
ble number  of  the  wild  tribes  not  only  practice  polygamy,  but  take  and 
keep  slaves.  Human  sacrifices  are  indulged  in  by  at  least  two  of  the 
tribes  in  the  interior  of  Mindanao.  It  should  be  clearly  borne  in 
mind,  however,  that  the  w7hole  number  of  individuals  included  in  the 
group  of  wild  peoples  is  far  below  that  composing  the  comparatively 
few  civilized  tribes. 

ETHNOGRAPHY. 
[Prepared  from  Blumentritt,  Vers.  Kimr  Ethnoff.  der  Philip.] 

There  are  in  tin1  Philippine  Archipelago  only  four  race  stems— the 

Negritos,  the   Malays,  the  Chinese,  and   the  .Japanese.      The   Negritos 
were  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  the  islands,  and,  according  to  Pro- 


12  PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

fessor  Virehow,  have  no  ethnographical  relation  to  any  other  race 
either  living  or  dead.  They  are  almost  dwarfs,  and  extremely  primi- 
tive in  their  habits.  The  Malays  have  come  to  the  Philippines  in  suc- 
cessive invasions,  lasting  even  to  our  own  time.  They  have  almost 
always  come  by  way  of  Sumatra  and  Borneo,  and  thus  from  south  to 
north  have  overspread  the  entire  group.  They  form  the  vast  hulk  of 
the  population.  The  Chinese  have  come  at  various  times — once  in  the 
early  days  of  Spanish  rule  as  invaders,  and  since  that  time  as  mer- 
chants and  traders.  They  are  tolerably  numerous.  The  Japanese  are 
few  and  unimportant,  The  Malays  are  split  into  very  many  tribes, 
every  tribe  Inning  distinctive  habits  and  language. 

The  following  is  a  detailed  list  of  the  tribes  inhabiting  the  archi- 
pelago, with  the  localities  they  occupy,  their  religion,  and  their  con- 
dition of  independence  or  subjection  to  foreign  rule  noted.  All  those 
who  are  neither  Christians  nor  Mohammedans  are  called  pagans.  This 
paganism  is  the  aboriginal  worship  of  the  Malays,  and  is  sometimes 
accompanied  by  sacrifices  and  sometimes  is  of  a  more  gentle  character. 
Those  tribes  which  are  in  the  Spanish  sphere  of  influence  are  called 
dependent,  and  those  tribes  which  are  either  altogether  outside  of  the 
Spanish  sphere  of  influence,  or  else  have  always  preserved  their  inde- 
pendence in  the  mountainous  districts  of  islands  nominally  under 
Spanish  rule,  independent.  It  is,  of  course,  to  be  remembered  that 
the  Christianity  of  many  of  these  tribes  is  nominal  and  superficial. 

NEGRITOS,   OR  AETAS. 

These  are  the  original  inhabitants  of  the  Philippines.  They  were 
conquered  and  largely  exterminated  b}^  the  successive  Malay  invasions 
and  are  now  to  be  found  scattered  in  small  numbers  throughout  the 
archipelago.  The  only  part  of  the  islands  where  they  still  inhabit  the 
seacoast  is  on  the  northeast  coast  of  Luzon.  In  Luzon  and  the  Visayas 
alone  they  have  been  estimated  at  10,000  and  for  the  whole  group 
25,000,  but  no  accurate  statistics  are  possible. 

BALUGAS. 

These  people  are  a  cross  between  the  Negritos  and  the  Malays.  They 
are  sometimes  called  black  Mestizos.  They  are' few  in  number  and 
are  found  in  Panousinan  and  Luzon. 


In  northern  Luzon  the  following  tribes  are  found: 

ZambaZes. — These  people  dwell  in  the  middle  and  southern  part  of 
the  province  of  Zambales  and  in  the  northern  part  of  the  province  of 
Bataan.     They  are  independent  and  wild  and  almost  entirely  pagans. 

Pa/ngasinanies. — These  people  inhabit  the  westerly  and  southerly 
coast  of  the  gulf  of  Lingayen  and  also  the  coast  of  Pangasinan.  They 
are  dependent  and  largely  Christianized. 

llocanos. — These  people  inhabit  the  provinces  of  Ilocos  Norte,  Abra, 
Ilocos  Sur,  and  La  Union,  and  are  found  in  the  interior  of  Pangasinan 
and  in  other  provinces  of  Luzon.     They  are  dependent  and  Christians. 

Cagayanes,  or  Ibcmags. — These  people  inhabit  the  Babuyanes  group 
of  islands  and  the  Batanes  Islands  and  also  the  coast  districts  of  the 
province  of  Cagavan.  In  Luzon  they  are  Christians  and  dependent, 
but  in  the  smaller  islands  they  are  wild  and  pagans. 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS.  13 

Igorrotes. — Under  this  name  is  included  the  Igorrotes  proper  and 
the  Busaos  and  Buricks,  as  they  have  a  common  language.  These  three 
tribes  inhabit  the  provinces  of  Benguet,  Lepanto,  Tiagan,  and  Bontoc. 
They  are  found  also  in  the  provinces  of  Abra,  Nueva  Vizcava,  and 
Isabella.  They  are  also  scattered  in  other  provinces  in  the  north,  and 
to  the  south  they  are  found  in  Apayao,  Cebucan,  and  Baguias,  as  well 
as  in  the  valley  of  Benguet.  They  are  almost  entirely  pagans, 
although  they  have  been  nominally  subjugated  by  many  bloody  wars. 

Altasanes,  ITarrmts,  Bujuanos,  and  Panuipuyes. — These  four  tribes 
are  related  to  the  Igorrotes.  and  very  little  is  known  about  them.  They 
are  wild  and  probably  pagans,  and  are  found  principally  in  the  prov- 
inces of  Nueva  Vizcaya  and  Isabella. 

kin  ays. — These  people  inhabit  the  province  of  Ituy.  Most  of  them 
are  still  wild  and  pagans,  though  some  are  Christianized. 

Abacas. — These  people  are  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Caranglan. 
They  arc  Christians. 

ItaZones. — These  people  inhabit  the  province  of  Nueva  Vizcaya. 
They  are  all  Christians  and  dependent. 

Ibilaos. — These  people  inhabit  the  provinces  of  Nueva  Vizcaya  and 
Nueva  Ecija.     They  are  wild  and  independent  and  pagans. 

Llongotes. — They  are  found  in  the  provinces  of  Nueva  Vizcaya,  Isa- 
bella, and  Principe.     They  are  pagans  and  wild. 

Mayoyaos. — These  are  a  quite  numerous  people,  found  in  the  border 
districts  of  the  provinces  of  Bontoc  and  Nueva  Vizcaya.  They  are 
pagans  and  wild. 

Tfugaos. — These  people  are  related  to  the  Mayoyaos  and  are  found 
in  the  province  of  Nueva  Vizcava.     They  are  wild  and  pagans. 

Gaaaanes.  —Found  principally  in  the  Commandancia  Saltan  and 
also  in  the  provinces  of  Isabella,  Nueva  Vizcaya,  and  Cagayan.  They 
are  partly  Christian  and  partly  pagan,  and  are  still  independent  for 
the  most  part. 

Itetapanes. — These  people  live  west  of  the  Igorrote  country.  In 
otfher  respects  they  are  like  the  Gaddanes. 

Guianes. — These  people  inhabit  the  mountains  between  the  provinces 
of  Abra  and  Caga}'an.     They  are  pagans,  and  are  wild  and  warlike. 

Calanasor  Itaves. — They  live  on  the  Rio  Grande  de  Cagayan.  They 
are  wild  and  independent,  and  pagans. 

Gamunanges,   Bayabon/mcs,  Dadoyags,  Nabayuganes,  Aripas,   and 

( 'idlngas. — These  are  small  tribes  living  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Rio 

.Grande  de  Cagayan.     They  are  pagans,  and  are  wild  and  independent. 

Tinguicmes. — These  people  form  a  rather  numerous  tribe,  and  are 
found  in  three  provinces — Ilocos  Sur.  Abra,  and  [locos  Norte.  Part 
are  Christian  and  the  remainder  pagans,  but  only  a  small  portion  of 
them  have  kept  their  independence. 

Adangs. — These  people  inhabit  the  northwest  corner  of  Luzon. 
They  are  Christians  and  nominally  dependent. 

Apayaos. — These  people  inhabit  the  mountainous  region  bordering 
the  river  Apayao.  Some  are  Christians  and  dependent,  but  many  are 
still  wild  and  pagans. 

Catalanganes.  — These  people  inhabit  the  province  of  Isabella.  They 
are  probably  a  mixture  of  Chinese  and  Irayas,  of  whom  they  area 
branch.     They  are  pagans,  but  nominally  dependent. 

Irayas. — These  people  live  south  of  the  Catalanganes,  and  like  them 
they  are  pagans  and  only  nominally  dependent. 


14  PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

In  cent  nil  Luzon  the  following  tl'ibea  arc  found: 

Pamptmgoes.  These  people  live  in  the  following  provinces:  Porac, 
Tarlac,  Pampanga,  Bataan,  Zambales,  and  Nueva  LYija.  They  are 
dependent  and  are  Christians. 

Tagalos.  Tins  is  the  most  important  of  the  Malay  tribes.  They 
have  l»«'«'u  estimated  at  1,500,000,  but  any  accurate  statistics  in  regard 
to  their  numbers  are  not  obtainable,  even  though  they  are  and  always 
have  been  more  completely  under  Spanish  rule  than  any  of  the  other 
Malay  tribes.  They  people  the  following  provinces  in  Central  Luzon: 
Manila,  Lacuna,  Cavite,  Batangas,  Bulacan,  Morong,  Infanta,  Taya- 
bas,  Bataan,  and  Corregidor  island  in  Manila  Hay.  They  are  also  found 
in  considerable  numbers  in  the  provinces  of  Zambales,  Principe,  Isa- 
bella and  Nueva  Ecija.  They  also  occupy  the  entire  coast  of  the  island 
of  Mindoro  and  of  the  island  of  Marinduque  and  are  found  in  consid- 
erable numbers  all  over  the  archipelago.  They  are  entirely  Chris- 
tianized. 

Catuba7igan.es. — These  are  a  small  tribe  living  in  the  mountains  in 
the  province  of  Tayabas.     They  are  wild,  independent,  and  pagans. 

Southern  Luzon  is  inhabited  entirely  by — 

Vicols. — They  inhabit  the  provinces  of  Camarines  Norte  and  Tayabas, 
also  the  provinces  of  Camarines  Sur  and  Albay.  They  also  dwell  in 
the  islands  of  Masbate,  Ticao,  Burias,  and  the  island  group  of  the 
Capanduanes.  Most  of  them  are  Christian  and  dependent,  but  in  the 
mountains  there  still  exist  numbers  of  wild  and  pagan  Vicols. 

Outside  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  in  the  other  islands  of  the  archi- 
pelago, are  found  the  following  tribes  of  Malays: 

Manguianes. — Under  this  name  are  comprised  the  half-wild  Malay 
tribes  which  inhabit  the  interior  of  the  island  of  Mindoro  and  the 
mountains  of  the  islands  of  Romblon  and  Tablas.     They  are  pagans. 

Mundos. — These  people  inhabit  the  islands  of  Zebu  and  Panay.  They 
are  wild  and  pagans. 

Visayas. — The  Visayas  inhabit  all  the  islands  south  of  Luzon,  .Mas- 
bate,  Burias,  Ticao,  and  Mindoro,  and  north  of  Borneo,  Sulu,  and 
Mindanao.  They  also  inhabit  the  whole  north  and  east  coast  of  Min- 
danao.    They  are  Christians  and  largely  dependent. 

Manobos. — These  people  are  found  in  almost  every  part  of  the  island 
of  Mindanao.     They  are  pagans  and  entirely  independent. 

Tagbalays,  Bagobos,  Guiangas,  Vilanes,  Tagacaolos*  Sanguils,  Man- 
dayas,  Suha?}os,  Manguangas. — These  nine  tribes  inhabit  Mindanao. 
They  vary  in  size  and  importance,  and  are  all  pagans  and  entirely  inde- 
pendent. Very  little  is  known  of  them,  and  it  is  impossible  to  give 
further  particulars. 

Sameacm. — These  people  inhabit  the  mountainous  interior  of  the 
island  of  Basilan.     They  are  pagans  and  independent. 

Quimbas — These  people  inhabit  the  mountainous  districts  of  the 
island  of  Sulu.     Part  are  Mohammedans  and  the  rest  pagans. 

Moras. — Under  this  title  the  Spaniards  included  all  the  piratical 
Moslem  tribes  which  inhabit  the  greater  part  of  Mindanao  and  which 
form  the  coast  population  of  the  greater  Sulu  Island  and  the  entire 
population  of  the  lesser  Sulu  Islands,  and  are  found  in  other  islands  in 
the  archipelago.  They  were  roughly  classified  under  the  following 
tribal  names  :  Joloanos  (Sulu),  Camucones  (dwellers  of  the  islands 
southwest  of  Tawi  Tawi),  Tirones  (dwellers  of  the  islands  between 
Tawi  Tawi  and  Borneo),  Moros  de  Balabac  (island  of  Balabac),  Samales 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS.  15 

(dwellers  of  the  islands  south  of  Basilan),  Illanos  or  llanos  (from  the 
Bay  of  Illana),  Lutaos  (from  Zamboanga,  Mindanao),  Malanos  (from 
the  Lake  Mindanao),  Mindanos  (the  island  of  Mindanao),  Tegurayes  or 
Tinivayanes  (Rio  Grande  of  Mindanao).  These  tribes  arc  a  mixture 
of  the  VTsayas,  Manobos,  Mandayas,  and  Subanos  races,  with  Moham- 
medan races  which  came  in  from  Borneo  and  the  Moluccas.  They  are 
practically  all  Mohammedans,  even  if.  in  some  instance-,  only  super- 
ficially converted,  and  they  are  completely  independent.  Formerly 
their  chief  employment  was  piracy,  hut  since  the  suppression  of  these 
depredations  they  have  taken  chiefly  to  shipbuilding. 

Chinese. — The  Chinese  in  the  Philippines  inhabit  chiefly  Manila, 
though  they  are  found  at  other  centers  of  population  in  the  archipel- 
ago.    In  Manila  alone  they  numbered  in  L880,  20,000. 

( Tiinest  Mestizos.—  There  are  probably  over  200,000  ( Ihinese  Mestizos 
in  the  Philippines.  They  arc  a  cross  between  the  ( !hinese  and  the  Taga- 
los, and  live  principally  in  the  neighborhood  of  Manila.  They  have 
always  been  the  intelligent  and  turbulent  portion  of  the  native  popula- 
tion. It  is  interesting  to  remark  that  Aguinaldo  and  all  his  cabinet,  his 
generals,  and  his  advisers  are,  without  exception,  Chinese  Mestizos. 

Japanese.  The  Japanese  are  few  in  number  and  live  principally  in 
Manila  and  in  Dilao,  a  suburb  of  Manila. 

The  following  observations  maybe  made  from  the  foregoing  eth- 
nographical statistics.  It  is  safe  to  assume  that  including  all  other 
races,  Negritos,  Chinese.  Japanese,  and  Mestizos,  there  are  not  more 
than  500,000  people  in  the  Philippines  who  do  not  belong  to  some 
tribe  of  Malays.  This  estimate  is,  in  fact,  probably  overliberal.  There- 
fore, assuming  the  figures  of  the  last  Spanish  census  to  be  approxi- 
mately correct,  there  would  be  6,500,000  Malays  in  the  archipelago. 
This  is  probably  a  very  great  underestimation,  but  there  is  no  method 
of  correcting  these  figures.  In  Luzon  we  find  37  separate  Malay 
tribes,  representing,  according  to  the  census  already  quoted,  a  popula- 
tion of  about  3,500,000  persons.  Of  these  tribes  the  Tagalos  and 
the  Pampangos  are  the  only  completely  subjected  races.  Among  the 
others  there  are  doubtless  many  who  pay  tribute,  but  there  are  al-o  21 
entire  tribes  dwelling  principally  in  the  northern  part  of  Luzon  who 
have  always  remained  unchristianized  and  independent. 

Of  the  tribes  in  the  remaining  islands  of  the  archipelago  the  only 
ones  over  whom  the  Spaniards  ever  had  substantial  authority  were  the 
Tagalos.  on  the  seacoast  of  Mindoro.  and  the  Yisayas.  in  the  smaller 
islands  between  Mindanao  and  Luzon.  The  remaining  tribes,  notably 
in  Sulu  and  Mindanao,  have  been  either  totally  uncivilized  and  in  a 
state  of  warlike  freedom,  or  else  infused  with  Moslem  civilization  and 
living  in  sultanates  under  absolute  tyranny,  which  seems  to  be  the 
natural  form  of  Malay  government. 

v.UICULTUKK.    COMMERCE,    TRANSPORTATION,    AND    MANUFACTURES. 

Although  agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  Philippines,  yet 

only  one-ninth  of  the  surface  is  under  cultivation.  The  soil  is  very 
fertile,  and  even  after  deducting  the  mountainous  areas  it  is  probable 
that  the  area  of  cultivation  can  be  very  largely  extended  and  that  the 
islands  can  support  a  population  equal  to  that  of  Japan  (42,000,000). 
The  chief  products  are  rice,  corn,  hemp,  sugar,  tobacco,  cocoanuts, 
and  cacao.     Coffee  and  cotton  were  formerly  produced  in  large  quanti- 


16  PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

ti,.s  the  former  for  exporl  and  the  hitter  for  home  consumption;  but 
the  coffee  plant  baa  I  een  almosl  exterminated  by  insects  and  the  home 
made  cotton  cloths  have  been  driven  out  by  the  competition  of  those 
imported  from  England.  The  rice  and  corn  are  principally  produced 
in  Luzonand  Mindoro  and  are  consumed  in  the  islands.  The  ricecrop 
isaboul  765,000  tons.  Ii  is  insuflBcient  for  the  demand,  and  45,000 
tonsof  rice  were  imported  in  L894,  the  greater,  portion  from  Saigon 
andtheresl  from  Hongkong  and  Singapore;  also  8,669  tons  (say  60,000 
barrels)  of  flour,  of  which  more  than  two-thirds  came  from  China  and 
less  than  one-third  from  the  United  States. 

The  cacao  is  raised  in  the  southern  islands,  the  best  quality  of  it  at 
Mindanao.  The  production  amountsonly  to  150  tons,  and  it  is  all  made 
into  chocolate  and  consumed  in  the  islands. 

The  sugar  cane  is  raised  in  the  Visayas.  The  crop  yielded  in  1894 
about  235,000  tons  of  raw  sugar,  of  which  one-tenth  was  consumed  in 
the  islands  and  the  balance,  or  210,000  tons,  valued  at $11,000,000,  was 
exported,  the  greater  part  to  China,  Great  Britain,  and  Australia. 

The  hemp  is  produced  in  .southern  Luzon,  Mindoro,  the  Visayas, 
and  Mindanao.  It  is  nearly  all  exported  in  bales.  Jn  1894  the  amount 
was  96,000  tons,  valued  at  $12,000,000. 

Tobacco  is  raised  in  all  the  islands,  but  the  best  quality  and  greatest 
amount  in  Luzon.  A  large  amount  is  consumed  in  the  islands,  smok- 
ing being  universal  among  women  as  well  as  the  men,  but  the  best 
quality  is  exported.  The  amount  in  1894  was  7,000  tons  of  leaf  tobacco. 
valued  at  $1,750,000.  Spain  takes  80  per  cent  and  Egypt  10  per  cent 
of  the  leaf  tobacco.  Of  the  manufactured  tobacco  70  per  cent  goes  to 
China  and  Singapore,  10  per  cent  to  England,  and  5  per  cent  to  Spain. 

Cocoanuts  are  grown  in  southern  Luzon  and  are  used  in  various 
ways.  The  products  are  largely  consumed  in  the  islands,  but  the 
exports  in  1894  were  valued  at  $2,400,000. 

Cattle,  goats,  and  sheep  have  been  introduced  from  Spain,  but  thev 
are  not  numerous.  Domestic  pigs  and  chickens  are  seen  around  every- 
where in  the  farming  districts. 

The  principal  beast  of  burden  is  thecarabao,  or  water  buffalo,  which 
is  used  for  plowing  rice  fields  as  well  as  drawing  heavy  loads  on 
sledges  or  on  carts. 

Large  horses  are  almost  unknown,  but  there  are  great  numbers  of 
native  ponies  from  9  to  12  hands  high,  possessing  strength  and  endur- 
ance far  beyond  their  size. 

COMMERCE    AND   TRANSPORTATION. 

The  internal  commerce  between  Manila  and  the  different  islands  is 
quite  large,  but  there  were  no  official  records  found  giving  exact 
figures  concerning  it.  It  is  carried  on  almost  entirely  by  water  in 
steamers  of  500  to  1,000  tons.  There  are  regular  mail  steamers  once 
in  two  weeks  on  four  routes,  viz,  northern  Luzon,  southern  Luzon. 
V  isayas  and  Mindanao  ;  also,  a  steamer  every  two  months  to  the  Caro- 
lines and  Ladrones,  and  daily  steamers  on  Manila  Bay.  These  lines 
are  all  subsidized.  To  facilitate  this  navigation  extensive  harbor  works 
have  been  in  progress  at  Manila  for  several  years,  and  a  plan  for  hunt- 
ing the  coasts  has  been  made,  calling  for  48  principal  lights,  of  which 


PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS.  17 

17  have  already  been  constructed  in  the  most  substantial  manner, 
besides  16  lights  of  secondary  importance. 

There  is  only  one  line  of  railway,  built  by  English  capital,  running 
from  Manila  north  to  Dagupan,  a  distance  of  about  120  miles.  The 
roads  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Manila  are  macadamized  and  in 
fairly  good  order;  elsewhere  they  are  narrow  paths  of  soft  black  soil, 
which  become  almost  impassable  in  the  rainy  season.  Transportation 
is  then  effected  by  sledges  drawn  through  the  mud  by  carabaos.  There 
are  telegraph  lines  connecting  most  of  the  provinces  of  Luzon  with 
Manila,  and  cables  to  the  Visayas  and  southern  islands  and  thence  to 
Borneo  and  Singapore,  as  well  as  a  direct  cable  from  Manila  to  Hong- 
kong. The  land  telegraph  lines  are  owned  by  the  Government,  and 
the  cables  all  belong  to  an  English  company,  which  receives  a  large 
subsidy.  In  Manila  there  is  a  narrow-gauge  street  railway,  operated 
by  horsepower,  about  11  miles  in  total  length;  also  a  telephone  system 
and  electric  lights. 

Communications  with  Europe  are  maintained  by  the  Spanish  Trans- 
atlantic Company  (subsidized),  which  sends  a  steamer  every  four  weeks 
from  Manila  and  Barcelona,  making  the  trip  in  about  twenty-seven 
days;  the  same  company  also  sends  an  intermediate  steamer  from  Manila 
to  Singapore,  meeting  the  French  Messagerie  steamer  each  way.  There 
is  also  a  nonsubsidized  line  running  from  Manila  to  Hongkong  every 
two  weeks,  and  connecting  there  with  the  English,  French,  and  German 
mails  for  Europe,  and  with  the  Pacific  Mail  and  Canadian  Pacific  steamers 
for  Japan  and  America. 

There  has  been  no  considerable  development  of  manufacturing  indus- 
tries in  the  Philippines.  The  only  factories  are  those  connected  with 
the  preparation  of  rice,  tobacco,  and  sugar.  Of  the  manufactures  and 
arts  in  which  Japan  so  excels  there  is  no  evidence. 

EXPORTS  AND   IMPORTS. 

It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  give  statistics  of  the  imported  goods,  since 
the  innumerable  articles  are  not  entered  separately  at  the  custom-house, 
but  for  purposes  of  duty  are  placed  in  certain  classes.  Some  of  the 
leading  goods  may  be  mentioned,  however.  From  England,  all  Man- 
chester articles  play  an  important  part,  together  with  a  number  of  less 
significant  wares,  such  as  hardware  and  leather  goods.  From  Germany 
come  better  class  textiles,  tricots,  hardware,  paper,  leather,  steel  and 
iron,  machinery,  etc.  From  Switzerland,  St.  Gallen  laces,  muslins, 
and  silks.  From  France,  Lyon  silks,  machinery  for  cigarette  making, 
and  paper.  From  Austria,  principally  only  Vienna  furniture  and 
Bohemian  glassware.  From  Belgium  is  sent  glass  and  glassware,  iron, 
paper,  cement,  etc.  From  Russia  and  America,  kerosene,  and  from 
the  latter  country  also  flour  and  tinned  meats — as  Spain  exported  for- 
merly almost  only  preserved  foods  in  tins — and  wines.  Within  the 
last  few  years  she  has  commenced  to  import  into  the  Philippines  other 
articles,  to  compete  with  the  wares  of  other  countries.  The  Spanish 
goods  are  in  every  way  inferior  to  those  of  foreign  manufacture,  but 
on  account  of  their  being  free  from  import  duty  the  prices  are  con- 
siderably lower. 

S.  Doc.  171 2 


18 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 


In  the  following  tabic  the  exports  during  the  last  five  years  are  given. 
The  minor  articles  have  been  omitted: 


Principal  exports  from  tfie  Philippines  from  January  1  to  December  SI,  1896. 


To— 

Sugar. 

Hemp. 

Coffee. 

Tobacco. 

Cigars. 

Sapan 
wood. 

Copra. 

Piculs, 

793,165 
16,000 
774,852 

Piculs. 

815,044 

615,654 

6,660 

83,892 

61,660 

Piculs. 
199 

Quintals. 

47,816 

132 

164, 930 

62 

16,076 

Thousand. 
35,010 
180 
32, 610 
14,850 
112,540 
610 

Piculs. 
8,340 

Piculs. 
32,200 

928 

648,812 

China,  Japan,   India 

1, 379, 877 
97,920 
526, 874 
8, 588, 188 
3,  694, 769 
8, 109, 108 
4, 184, 296 
3,954,060 

307 

60,323 

8,895 

74, 370 
1,531,810 
1,664,590 
1,591,962 
1, 282, 942 
1,681,100 

Total  in  1896 

1,434 
3,287 
9,008 
6,102 
21,801 

219,016 
225, 677 
194,600 
230,572 
254,063 

195, 800 
198, 270 
140, 075 
-133,046 
133,404 

53,663 
38,919 
76,115 
76,588 
62,452 

685,907 

Total  in  1895 

694,469 

Total  in  1894 

610,633 

Total  in  1893 

188,404 

Total  in  1892 

292,636 

Articles. 


Sugar 

Hemp 

Coffee 

Tobacco  

Cigars 

Sapan  wood 

Copra 

Various 

Total. 


1896. 


814, 000, 000 

11, 160, 000 

67,500 

2,630,000 

1,990,000 

70,000 

2, 630, 000 

224,000 


32,771,500 


1895. 


$12, 2.39, 000 

13, 317, 000 

158,000 

2, 705, 750 

1, 786, 200 

68,400 

2,898,000 

60,800 


33,225,150 


1894. 


812, 590, 000 

12, 750, 000 

412,000 

2, 310, 000 

1,500,000 

102,000 

2,500,000 

115,000 


32,279,000 


The  following  statistics  in  regard  to  the  imports  and  exports  of  the 
Philippine  Islands  have  been  compiled  from  official  publications  of  the 
various  countries  mentioned.  In  the  first  table,  in  which  an  effort  has 
been  made  to  show  the  trade  by  countries  of  origin  and  destination, 
the  figures  for  1897  are  given,  except  in  the  case  of  France,  Germany, 
Belgium,  India,  the  Straits  Settlements,  and  Victoria.  For  these  coun- 
tries the  latest  figures  available  relate  to  1896;  for  the  trade  of  Spain, 
no  later  ones  than  those  for  1895  can  be  obtained: 


Countries. 


Imports  from 
Philippines. 


Exports  to 
Philippines. 


Great  Britain 

France 

Germany 

Belgium 

Spain 

Japan 

China 

India 

Straits  Settlements 
New  South  Wales. 

Victoria 

United  States 

Total 


86,223,426 

1,990,297 

223,720 

272,240 

4, 819, 344 

1,332,300 

56,137 

7,755 

274, 130 

119,550 

180 

4,383,740 


82,063,598 

359,796 

774,928 

45,660 

4,973,589 

92,823 

97,717 

80,156 

236,001 

176,858 

178, 370 

94,597 


19,702,819 


9,174,093 


The  average  value  of  the  trade  of  the  Philippines  is  greater  than  indi- 
cated in  the  above  table,  having  suffered  in  the  past  few  years  on  account 
of  political  conditions.  As  will  be  seen  in  the  statements  of  the  com- 
merce by  countries,  further  on,  Great  Britain  imported  from  the  Phil- 
ippines in  1893  to  the  value  of  $10,607,000  and  exported  nearly 


PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS. 


19 


$1,500,000  more  than  the  shipments  in  1897.  France  imports  three 
times  as  much  as  she  did  in  1893,  but  her  exports  have  diminished  in 
an  even  larger  proportion,  from  over  $2,000,000  to  (350,000.  China 
imports  more  than  twice  as  much,  but  exports  considerably  less  than 
in  1893.  India  import-  less,  but  her  exports  have  risen  from  $57,000 
to  $80,000.  The  St  raits  Settlements  have  lost  over  $100,000  in  imports 
and  some  $140,000  in  exports.  The  trade  with  New  South  Wales  has 
grown,  but  that  with  Victoria  has  greatly  diminished,  and  United  States 
commerce,  which  was  $9,314,235  in  1893,  has  fallen  to  $4,478,337  in 
1897. 

The  following  statements  show  the  principal  articles  of  import  and 
export: 

Principal  imports  from  the  Philippines. 


Countries. 


Uemp. 


Tobacco. 


Cocoanuts 
and  copra. 


Sugar. 


Great  Britain  . 

France 

Germany 

Japan 

India 

Spain 

United  States . 


Total. 


3,694, 

76, 

166, 

100, 

4, 


2,701,651 


6,745,177 


8716, 767 
86,451 

64,477 

3,053 

2,533,150 


$222,  KM 

1, 787, 198 


3,435,552 


2,009,602 


51,512,703 


1,156,411 


413,794 
1,199,202 


4, 282, 110 


It  must  not  be  inferred  from  the  absence  of  statistics  in  regard  to 
some  of  the  above  articles  that  there  are  no  imports  into  the  countries 
mentioned.  They  are  either  covered  in  the  general  heading  "All  other 
imports"  or  are  classified  in  some  other  way. 

Principal  exports  to  the  Philippines. 


Countries. 

Cotton  man- 
ufactures. 

Silk  manu- 
factures. 

Woolen  man- 
ufactures. 

Apparel. 

$1,268,087 

143, 228 

111,028 

120 

2,164 

$12,205 

81,720 

43, 792 

4,418 

$17,943 
2,493 
44,268 

$6,273 

3,912 

99, 246 

157 

Total 

1,524,622 

142,135 

64,704 

109,588 

Countries. 

Machinery. 

Metals,  and 
manufac- 
tures of. 

Coal. 

Provisions. 

$151,630 

10,353 

29,036 

250 

$185,413 

6,036 

146, 370 

$16,856 

$79, 455 

81,654 

40,996 

:.  129 

Total 

191,269 

337,216 

57,  B68 

lis,  538 

The  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 

introduction. 

This  brief  memorandum  probably  covers  all  the  main  discoveries  in 
the  geology  of  the  Philippines  which  are  of  economic  interest.  It  is 
drawn  up  from  data  recorded  in  the  Spanish  mining  bureau  (inspec- 


20 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 


cion  de  Minus),  but  not  published,  manuscript  mine  reports  by  the  late 
William  Ashburner,  verbal  information  obtained  in  Manila,  and  various 
technical  publications  of  Semper,  Santos,  Roth,  Drasche,  Abel  la,  and 
others. 

Only  about  a  score  of  the  islands  are  known  to  contain  deposits  of 
valuable  minerals.  These  are  arranged  below  in  the  order  of  their 
latitude,  to  give  an  idea  of  their  geographical  distribution  and  to  facili- 
tate finding  the  islands  on  the  map.  The  latitude  of  the  northern  end 
of  each  is  taken  as  that  of  the  island.  The  character  of  the  valuable 
minerals  stated  in  the  table  will  afford  a  general  notion  of  the  resources 
of  the  islands. 

Mineral-bearing  islands  and  their  resources. 


Island. 


Latitude 

(north  end). 

0 

, 

18 

40 

14 

8 

13 

34 

13 

32 

13 

21 

13 

19 

13 

15 

12 

37 

12 

37 

12 

36 

12 

30 

12 

7 

11 

56 

11 

43 

11 

35 

11 

17 

11 

10 

10 

10 

10 

9 

50 

6 

30 

Character  of  mineral  resources. 


Luzon 

Catanduanes 

Marinduque 

Mindoro 

Carraray 

Batan 

Rapu-Rapu  

Mas  bate 

Romblon 

Samar 

Sibuyan 

Semirara 

Panay 

Biliran 

Leyte 

Cebu 

Negros 

Bohol 

Panaon  

Mindanao 

Sulu  Archipelago 


Coal,  gold, copper,  lead,  iron,  sulphur,  marble,  kaolin. 

Gold. 

Lead,  silver. 

Coal,  gold,  copper. 

Coal. 

Do. 

Do. 
Coal,  copper. 
Marble. 
Coal,  gold. 
Gold. 
Coal. 

Coal,  oil,  gas,  gold,  copper,  iron,  mercury  (?) . 
Sulphur. 

Coal,  oil,  mercury  (?). 
Coal,  oil,  gas,  gold,  lead,  silver,  iron. 
Coal. 
Gold. 

Do. 
Coal,  gold,  copper,  platinum. 
Pearls. 


The  distribution  of  each  mineral  or  metal  may  now  be  sketched  in 
somewhat  greater  detail.  In  many  cases  the  information  given  in  this 
abstract  is  exhaustive,  so  far  as  the  available  material  is  concerned. 
The  coal  fields  of  Cebu,  however,  have  been  studied  in  some  detail  by 
Mr.  Abella,  and  in  a  few  other  instances  more  extended  information 
has  been  condensed  for  the  present  purpose. 


COAL. 

So  far  as  is  definitely  known,  the  coal  of  the  Philippine  Islands  is  all 
of  Tertiary  age,  and  it  might  be  better  characterized  as  a  highly  car- 
bonized lignite.  It  is  analagous  to  the  Japanese  coal  and  to  that  of 
Washington,  but  not  to  the  Welsh  or  Pennsylvania  coals.  Such  lignites 
usually  contain  considerable  combined  water  (8  to  18  per  cent)  and  bear 
transportation  ill.  They  are  also  apt  to  contain  much  sulphur,  as  iron 
pyrite,  rendering  them  subject  to  spontaneous  combustion  and  injuri- 
ous to  boiler  plates.  Nevertheless,  when  pyritous  seams  are  avoided 
and  the  lignite  is  properly  handled  it  forms  a  valuable  fuel,  especially 
for  local  consumption.  In  these  islands  it  would  appear  that  the  native 
coal  might  supplant  English  or  Australian  coal  for  most  purposes. 
Lignite  is  widely  distributed  in  the  archipelago;  some  of  the  seams 
are  of  excellent  width,  and  the  quality  of  certain  of  them  is  high  for 
fuel  in  this  class. 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS.  21 

Coal  exists  in  various  provinces  of  the  island  of  Luzon  (Abra, 
Camarines,  Bataan,  Sorsogon).  The  finest  beds  thus  far  discovered 
appear  to  be  those  in  the  small  island  of  Bataan,  lying  to  the  east  of 
the  southern  portion  of  Luzon,  in  latitude  13 z  19'.  These  seams  vary 
from  2  feet  6  inches  to  1-i  feet  8  inches  in  thickness.  Analyses  have 
been  made  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Inspection  de  Minas,  and  the  mean 
of  seven  analyses  gives  the  following  composition: 

Analysis  of  cod  from  Bataan,  one  of  the  Philippine  Wands. 

Constituent.  Pa  cent 

Water 13.52 

Volatile  matter 3/.  46 

Fixed  carbon I  44. 46 

Ash ■»•  56 

Total 100 

One  pound  of  this  coal  will  convert  *>.25  pounds  of  water  at  40  °  C. 
into  steam  at  100°  C.  The  heating  effect  is  about  three-fourths  that  of 
Cardiff  coal.  The  same  beds  are  known  to  exist  in  other  small  adjacent 
islands,  Carraray  and  Kapu-Rapu.  A  number  of  concessions  for  coal 
mining  have  also  been  granted  on  the  main  island  of  Luzon  just  south 
of  Batan  at  the  town  of  Bacon.  No  doubt  the  beds  here  are  either 
identical  or  at  least  closely  associated  with  the  coal  seams  in  the  little 
;slands. 

The  coal  field  of  southern  Luzon  is  said  to  extend  across  the  Strait 
of  San  Bernardino  into  the  northern  portion  of  Samar.  Here  coal  is 
reported  at  half  a  dozen  localities,  but  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain  no 
details  as  to  the  thickness  or  quality. 

In  Mindoro  there  are  large  deposits  of  coal  in  the  extreme  southern 
portion  (Bulacao)  and  on  the  small  adjacent  island  of  Semirara.  This 
fuel  is  said  to  be  similar  to  th:it  of  Batan. 

The  islands  of  Masbate  and  Panay  contain  coal,  the  deposits  of  which 
thus  far  discovered  do  not  seem  of  much  importance.  Specimens  from 
the  southwestern  portion  of  Leyte,  analyzed  in  the  laboratory  of  the 
Inspection  de  Minas,  are  of  remarkably  high  quality,  but  nothing 
definite  about  the  deposit  is  known  to  me. 

The  first  discovery  of  coal  in  the  archipelago  was  made  in  the  island 
of  Cebu  in  1827.  Since  then  lignitic  beds  have  been  found  on  the 
island  at  a  great  variety  of  points.  The  most  important  eroppings  are 
on  the  eastern  slope  within  some  15  or  20  miles  of  the  capital,  also 
named  Cebu.  Though  a  considerable  amount  of  coal  has  been  extracted 
here,  the  industry  has  not  been  a  profitable  one  hitherto.  This  is,  at 
least  in  part,  due  to  crude  methods  of  transportation.  It  is  said,  bow- 
ever,  that  the  seams  are  often  badly  faulted. 

At  Uling,  about  10  miles  west  of  the  capital,  the  seams  reach  a  maxi- 
mum thickness  of  \b\  feet.  Ten  analyses  of  Cebu  coal  are  at  my  dis- 
posal. They  indicate  a  fuel  with  about  two-thirds  the  calorific  effect 
of  Cardiff  coal,  and  with  only  about  4  per  cent  ash.  Large  quantities 
of  the  coal  might,  I  suspect,  contain  a  higher  percentage  of  ash. 

The  island  of  Negro*  is  nearly  parallel  with  Cebu.  and  appear-  to  be 
of  similar  geological  constitution,  but  it  has  been  little  explored  and 
little  of  it  seems  to  have  been  reduced  to  subjection  by  the  Spaniards, 


22  PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS. 

There  are  known  to  be  deposits  of  coal  at  Calatrava,  on  the  east  coast 
of  Negros,  and  it  is  believed  thai  they  are  of  important  extent.  In  the 
great  island  of  Mindanao  coal  is  known  to  occur  at  eight  different  locali- 
ties, but  no  detailed  examinations  of  any  kind  appear  to  have  been  made 
Seven  of  these  localities  are  on  the  cast  coast  of  Mindanao  and  the 
adjacent  small  islands.  They  indicate  (lie  presence  of  lignite  from  one 
end  of  the  coast  to  the  other.  The  eighth  locality  is  in  the  western 
province  called  Zaniboanga,  on  the  Gulf  of  Sibuguey. 

PETROLEUM. 

In  the  island  of  Cebu  petroleum  has  been  found  associated  with  coal 
at  Toledo,  on  the  west  coast,  where  a  concession  has  been  granted.  It 
is  also  reported  from  Asturias,  to  the  north  of  Toledo,  on  the  same 
coast,  and  from  Alegria,  to  the  south.  Natural  gas  is  said  to  exist  in 
the  Cebu  coal  fields.  On  Panay,  too,  oil  is  reported  at  Janimay,  in 
the  province  of  Iloilo,  and  gas  is  reported  from  the  same  island. 
Petroleum  highly  charged  with  paraffin  is  also  found  on  Leyte  at  a 
point  about  4  miles  from  Villaba,  a  town  on  the  west  coast. 

GOLD. 

Gold  is  found  at  a  vast  number  of  localities  in  the  archipelago,  from 
northern  Luzon  to  central  Mindanao.  In  most  cases  the  gold  is  detri- 
tal,  and  is  found  either  in  existing  water  courses  or  in  stream  deposits 
now  deserted  by  the  current.  These  last  are  called  "aluviones"  by 
the  Spaniards.  It  is  said  that  in  Mindanao  some  of  the  gravels  are  in 
an  elevated  position  and  adapted  to  hydraulic  mining.  There  are  no 
data  at  hand  which  indicate  decisively  the  value  of  any  of  the  placers. 
They  are  washed  by  natives,  largety  with  cocoanut  shells  for  pans, 
though  the  batea  is  also  in  use. 

In  the  province  of  Abra,  at  the  northern  end  of  Luzon,  there  are 
placers,  and  the  gravel  of  the  river  Abra  is  auriferous.  In  Lepanto 
there  are  gold-quartz  veins  as  well  as  gravels.  Gold  is  obtained  in  this 
province  close  to  the  copper  mines.  In  Benguet  the  gravels  of  the 
river  Agno  carry  gold.  There  is  also  gold  in  the  province  of  Bontoc 
and  in  Neuva  Ecija.  The  most  important  of  the  auriferous  provinces 
is  Camarines  Norte.  Here  the  townships  of  Mambulao,  Paracale.  and 
Labo  are  especially  well  known  as  gold-producing  localities.  Mr. 
Drasche,  a  well-known  German  geologist,  says  that  there  were  TOO 
natives  at  work  on  the  rich  quartz  veins  of  this  place  at  the  time  of 
his  visit,  about  twenty-five  years  ago.  At  Paracale  there  are  parallel 
quartz  veins  in  granite,  one  of  which  is  20  feet  in  width  and  contains 
a  chute  in  which  the  ore  is  said  to  assay  38  ounces  of  gold  to  the  ton. 
One  may  suspect  that  this  assay  hardly  represented  an  average  sample. 
Besides  the  localities  mentioned,  many  others  in  this  province  have 
been  worked  by  the  natives. 

The  islands  of  Mindoro,  Catanduanes,  Sibuyan,  Samar.  Panay,  Cebu, 
and  Bohol  are  reported  to  contain  gold,  but  no  exact  data  are  accessible. 

At  the  south  end  of  the  small  island  of  Panaon,  which  is  just  to  the 
south  of  Le}7te,  there  are  gold-quartz  veins,  one  of  which  has  been 
worked  to  some  extent.  It  is  6  feet  in  thickness  and  has  yielded  from 
$6  to  $7  per  ton. 

In  the  island  of  Mindanao  there  are  two  known  gold-bearing  dis- 


PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS.  23 

tricts.  One  of  these  is  in  the  province  of  Surigao,  where  Placer  and 
other  townships  show  gravels  and  veins.  The  second  district  is  in  the 
province  of  Misamis.  Near  the  settlement  of  Imponan,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Macajalar,  there  are  said  to  be  many  square  kilometers  of  gravels 
carrying  large  quantities  of  gold,  with  which  is  associated  platinum. 
The  product  of  this  district  was  estimated  some  years  since  at  150 
ounces  per  month,  all  extracted  by  natives  with  bateas  or  cocoanut- 
shell  dishes. 

COPPER. 

Copper  oars  are  reported  from  a  great  number  of  localities  in  the 
Philippines.  They  are  said  to  occur  in  the  following  islands:  Luzon 
(provinces  of  Lepanto,  Benguet,  and  Camarines),  Mindoro,  Capul,  Mas- 
bate,  Panay  (province  of  Antique),  and  Mindanao  (province  of  Surigao). 
Many  of  these  occurrences  are  probably  unimportant.  The  great  island 
of  Mindanao,  being  practically  unexplored,  is  full  of  possibilities,  but 
as  yet  no  important  copper  deposit  is  known  to  exist  there.  An 
attempt  was  made  to  work  the  deposit  in  Masbate,  but  no  success 
seems  to  have  been  attained.  On  the  other  hand,  northern  Luzon 
contains  a  copper  region  which  is  unquestionably  valuable.  The  best- 
known  portion  of  this  region  lies  about  Mount  Data,  a  peak  given  as 
"2,500  meters?"  in  height,  lying  in  latitude  16°  53'.  longitude  120°  58' 
east  of  Greenwich,  or  124°  38'  east  of  Madrid.  The  range  of  which 
Data  forms  one  peak  trends  due  north  to  Cape  Lacay-Lacay,  and  forms 
a  boundary  for  all  the  provinces  infringing  upon  it. 

Data  itself  lies  in  the  province  of  Lepanto.  In  this  range  copper  ore 
has  been  smelted  by  the  natives  from  time  immemorial,  ana  before 
Magellan  discovered  the  Philippines.  The  process  is  a  complicated 
one,  based  on  the  same  principles  as  the  method  of  smelting  sulpho- 
salts  of  this  metal  in  Europe  and  America.  It  consists  in  alternate 
partial  roasting  and  reduction  to  "matte"  and  eventually  to  black  cop- 
per. It  is  generally  believed  that  this  process  must  have  been  intro- 
duced from  China  or  Japan.  It  is  practiced  only  by  one  peculiar  tribe 
of  natives,  the  Igorrotes,  who  are  remarkable  in  many  wa3rs. 

Vague  reports  and  the  routes  by  which  copper  smelted  by  natives 
comes  to  market  indicate  that  there  are  copper  mines  in  various  por- 
tions of  the  Cordillera  Central,  but  the  only  deposits  which  have  been 
examined  with  any  care  are  those  at  Mancayan  (about  5  miles  west  of 
Mount  Data)  and  two  or  three  other  localities  within  a  few  miles  of 
Mancayan.  The  deposits  of  Mancayan  are  described  as  veins  of  rich 
ore,  reaching  7  meters  in  width  and  arranged  in  groups.  Mean  assays 
are  said  to  show  over  16  per  cent  of  copper,  mainly  as  tetrahedrite  and 
allied  ores.  The  gangue  is  quartz.  The  country  rock  is  described  as 
a  large  quartzite  lens  embedded  in  a  great  mass  of  trachyte.  An 
attempt  has  been  made  by  white  men  to  work  these  deposits,  but  with 
no  considerable  success.  The  failure  does  not  seem  to  have  been  due 
to  the  quality  or  quantity  of  ore  found. 

LEAD  AND  SDLVER. 

A  lead  mine  has  been  partially  developed  near  the  town  of  Cebu,  on 
the  island  of  the  same  name. 

The  most  important  deposit  of  argentiferous  galena  is  said  to  be  at 
Torrijos,  on  the  small  island  of  Marinduque  (latitude  13°  34').    A  metric 


24  PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS. 

ton,  or  1,000  kilograms,  is  said  to  contain  96  grams  of  silver,  6  grams 
of  gold,  and  565.5  kilograms  of  lead. 

In  Camarines,  a  province  of  Luzon,  lead  ores  occur, but  are  worked 
only  for  the  gold  they  contain. 

IKON. 

There  is  iron  ore  in  abundance  in  Luzon,  Caraballo,  Cebu,  Panay, 
and  doubtless  in  other  islands.      In  Luzon  it  is  found  in  the   provinces 

of  Laguna,  Pampanga,  and  ( lamarines  Norte,  bul  principally  in  Bulacan. 
The  finest  deposits  are  in  the  last-named  province,  near  a  small  settle- 
ment named  Camachin,  which  lies  in  latitude  L5  7' and  longitude  124° 
47'  east  of  Madrid.  A  small  industry  exists  here,  wrought  iron  being 
produced  in  a  sort  of  bloomery  and  manufactured  into  plowshares. 
The  process  has  not  been  described  in  detail,  so  far  as  I  know.  It 
would  appear  that  charcoal  pig  iron  might  be  produced  to  some  advan- 
tage in  this  region.  The  lignites  of  the  archipelago  are  probably 
unsuitable  for  iron  blast  furnaces. 

QUICKSILVER. 

Humors  of  the  occurrence  of  this  metal  in  Panay  and  Leyte  have 
failed  of  verification.  Accidental  losses  of  this  metal  by  prospectors 
or  surveyors  sometimes  lead  to  reports  of  the  discovery  of  deposits, 
and  ochers  are  not  seldom  mistaken  for  impure  cinnabar. 

NONMETALLIC   SUBSTANCES. 

Sulphur  deposits  abound  about  active  and  extinct  volcanoes  in  the 
Philippines.  In  Luzon  the  principal  sulphur  deposits  are  at  Daclan, 
in  the  province  of  Benguet,  and  at  Colasi,  in  Camarines.  The  finest 
deposit  in  the  archipelago  is  said  to  be  on  the  little  island  of  Biliran, 
which  lies  to  the  northwest  of  Leyte. 

Marble  of  fine  quality  occurs  on  the  small  island  of  Komblon  (lati- 
tude 12°  37').  It  is  much  employed  in  churches  in  Manila  for  baptis- 
mal fonts  and  other  purposes.  Marbles  are  also  quarried  at  Montalban 
in  the  province  of  Manila,  and  at  Binangonan  in  the  province  of 
Marong. 

There  are  concessions  for  mining  kaolin  at  Los  Banos,  in  Laguna 
Province. 

Pearl  fisheries  exist  in  the  Sulu  Archipelago,  and  are  said  to  form  an 
important  source  of  wealth. 

AVOODS   AND   FORESTS. 

There  are  many  very  valuable  rroods  in  the  Philippines.  The  one 
which  is  most  exported  is  sapan  wood,  of  which,  in  1897,  there  were 
4,187  tons  shipped  from  Manila  and  Iloilo.  This  wood  is  hard,  heavy, 
crooked,  and  full  of  knots.  It  sinks  in  water  and  is  susceptible  of  tine 
polish.  The  only  valuable  portions  is  the  heart  of  the  branch,  from 
which  is  extracted  a  dye  known  in  the  trade  as  "false  crimson"  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  more  permanent  cochineal  dye.  There  are  also 
Philippine  trees  the  sap  of  which  gives  a  polished  coating  to  the  smooth 
surface  of  other  woods, 


PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS.  25 

The  Philippines  are  also  remarkably  rich  invaluable  timber  trees  of 
hard  wood. 

Aranga  (HbmaUan)  gives  logs  up  to  75  feet  long  by  24  inches  square. 
It  is  specially  used  for  sea  piling  and  all  kind-  of  marine  work  which 
is  subject  to  the  attack  of  sea  worm-. 

Acle  (Jfimosa  acle)  gives  logs  up  to  32  feet  by  28  inches  square.  It 
is  strong,  tenacious,  and  durable,  while  it  lias  the  specialty  of  being 
difficult  to  burn  and  is  much  used  in  house  building.  It  polishes  well, 
and  is  much  prized  by  the  natives. 

Anagap  (fythecolooium  montanium,  Benth.)  gives  logs  up  to  18  feet 
long  by  16  inches  square.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  house  furnishings 
and  fittings,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Apiton  {Dipteroca/rpus griffithi,  Miq.)  gives  logs  up  to  77  feet  long 
by  21  inches  square.  It  contains  a  gum  of  which  incense  is  made.  It 
is  light  when  seasoned,  works  well,  and  will  serve  for  furniture  and 
general  joiners'  purposes. 

Antipolo  {Artocarpua  vncisri)  is  much  esteemed  for  vessels'  outside 
planking,  keels,  etc.  It  is  light,  very  strong,  resist-  the  sea  worm 
entirely,  and  effects  of  climate.  It  does  not  warp  when  once  seasoned. 
and  is  a  most  valuable  wood. 

Anobing  (Artocarpus  ovata)  is  said  to  resist  damp  as  well  as  Molave 
does,  but  is  not  appreciated  as  a  good,  hard  wood.  It  is  plentiful. 
especially  in  the  district  of  Laguna  de  Bay. 

Betis  (Azaola.  Payena  Betis?)  gives  logs  up  to  65  feet  long  by  *_'<> 
inches  square.  It  is  proof  against  the  sea  worm;  is  used  for  salt  or 
fresh-water  piling,  piers,  wharfs,  etc.  Also  for  keels  and  many  other 
parts  of  ship  building  where  a  first-class  wood  is  necessary.  It  is 
somewhat  scarce. 

Batitinan  {L<><i<  rstropmia  hatitinam)  gives  logs  up  to  40  feet  long  by 
18  inches  square.  It  is  very  strong,  tough,  and  elastic,  and  generally 
used  for  ships'  outside  planking  above  water.  It  stands  the  climate 
well  when  properly  seasoned.  It  is  a  wood  of  the  first  quality  and  can 
be  used  for  any  purpose  except  interment  in  the  ground  or  exposure 
to  ravages  of  the  sea  worm.  This  wood  is  very  much  stronger  than 
teak  and  could  be  used  to  advantage  in  its  place  for  almost  all  purposes. 

Banaba  (Jftcnchaustut  speciosa),  a  strong  and  useful  wood,  much  used 
in  house  and  ship  building.  It  is  thoroughly  reliable  when  seasoned; 
otherwise  it  shrinks  and  warps  considerably. 

Bansalague  {Mimusops  elengi.)  gives  logs  up  to  45  feet  long  by  L8 
inches  square.  It  can  oe  driven  like  a  bolt,  and  from  this  fact  and  its 
durability  it  is  frequently  used  for  tree  nails  in  ship  building  in  Manila. 
It  is  also  used  for  ax  and  other  tool  handles,  and  it  lasts  well  in  the 
ground. 

Bancal  {Navrha  ffbiJ>, rr'nn(i)  gives  logs  up  to  21  feet  long  by  24 
inches  square.  This  wood  is  of  a  yellow  color  and  very  easy  to  work. 
It  is  used  for  general  joiners'  work  in  house  building,  etc. 

Cedar  (Cedrela  odorata)  of  the  same  natural  order  as  mahogany. 
Gives  logs  up  to  10  feet  long  by  35  inches  square,  and  is  used  princi- 
pally for  cigar  boxes. 

Camagon  or  Mabolo  (a  variety  of  Diospyros  phUosh/mtera)  is  pro- 
cured in  roughly  rounded  logs  of  9  feet  and  upward  in  length  by  up 
to  12  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  a  close-grained  brittle  wood  and  takes 
a  good  polish.  Its  color  is  black  with  vellow  streaks,  ami  it  is  used 
for  furniture  making. 


26  PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 

DGngon  (a  variety  of  TTerculia  ambiformis)  grows  up  to  50  feet  long, 
giving  logs  up  to  20  inches  square.  It  is  sometimes  called  iron  wood, 
and  is  very  hard  and  durable,  and  especially  strong  in  resisting  great 
transverse  pressure  or  carrying  such  weight  as  a  heavy  roof. 

I  linglas  ( Eugenia  Sp.)  gives  logs  up  to  30  feet  long  by  16  inches  square. 
It  is  very  strong,  hard,  and  durable,  and  will  serve  as  a  substitute  for 
black  walnut. 

Ebony  (Diospyros  nigra).  This  wood  is  found  in  very  limited  quan- 
tities in  the  Philippines. 

Guijo  {Dipterocarpus  guijo)  gives  logs  up  to  75  feet  long  by  24 
inches  square.  Is  very  strong,  tough,  and  elastic.  In  Manila  this 
wood  is  invariably  used  for  carriage  wheels  and  shafts.  In  Hongkong 
it  is  used  for  wharf  decks  or  flooring,  among  other  purposes. 

Ipil  {Eperma  decandria)  gives  logs  up  to  50  feet  long  by  26  inches 
square.  It  has  all  the  good  qualities  of  Molave,  except  resistance  to 
sea  worm,  in  which  respect  it  is  the  same  as  teak,  and  may  be  as  much 
relied  on  for  duration  under  ground.     For  sleepers  it  equals  molave. 

Lanete  {Anaser  laneti)  gives  logs  up  to  25  feet  long  by  18  inches 
square.  It  is  useful  for  sculpture,  musical  instruments,  decoration, 
turning,  and  cabinet  purposes. 

Lauan  {Dipterocarpus  thurifera)  is  obtained  in  sizes  the  same  as  guijo. 
It  is  a  light,  useful  wood,  and  easily  worked.  It  is  said  that  the  outside 
planks  of  the  old  Philippine-Mexican  galleons  were  of  this  wood  because 
it  did  not  split  with  snot. 

Molave  (  Vitex  geniculata)  gives  logs  up  to  35  feet  long  by  24  inches 
square.  It  resists  sea  worm,  white  ants,  and  action  of  climate,  and 
consequently  is  specially  valuable  for  work  on  the  surface  of  or  under 
the  ground,  and  generally  for  all  purposes  where  an  extra  strong  and 
durable  wood  is  required.  Often  growing  crooked,  it  is  commonly 
used  for  frames  of  vessels.  Owing  to  its  imperviousness  to  ligniper- 
dous  insects  and  climate,  it  can  not  possibly  be  surpassed  for  such  pur- 
poses as  railway  sleepers.  This  wood  is  practically  everlasting,  and  is 
deservedly  called  by  the  natives  "queen  of  the  woods." 

Mangachapuy  {Dipterocarpus  mangachapuy)  gives  logs  up  to  55  feet 
long  by  20  inches  square.  It  is  very  elastic  and  withstands  the  climate, 
when  seasoned,  as  well  as  teak.  It  is  used  in  Manila  for  masts  and 
decks  of  vessels  and  for  all  work  exposed  to  sun  and  rain.  It  is  much 
esteemed  by  those  who  know  its  good  qualities. 

Macasin  can  be  used  for  interior  housework  and  floors.  It  is  some- 
what inferior  to  banaba,  but  supplies  its  place  when  banaba  is  scarce. 
It  can  be  got  in  greater  length  and  square  than  banaba. 

Malatapay  (a  variety  of  Diospyros  philoshantera),  veined  black  and 
red.     It  resembles  Camagon. 

Mancono  is  a  very  hard  wood,  found  in  Mindanao  Island.  It  is 
classed  as  a  species  of  lignum-vitse. 

Narra  {Pterocarpms palidus  santalinus)  gives  logs  up  to  35  feet  long 
by  26  inches  square.  It  is  the  mahogany  of  the  Philippines,  and  is 
always  employed  in  Manila  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for.  not- 
withstanding its  somewhat  open  grain,  it  polishes  well  and  is  prettily 
marked.  There  is  a  variety  of  shades  in  different  logs,  varying  from 
straw  color  to  blood  red,  the  former  being  more  common.  All  are,  how- 
ever, equally  esteemed.  It  is  a  first-class  wood  for  general  purposes. 
In  the  London  market  it  is  classed  with  padouk  of  Burmah. 

Palo  Maria  de  Playa  is  greatly  appreciated  for  crooks  and  curves, 


PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS.  27 

but  as  a  rule  can  not  be  found  of  suitable  dimensions  for  large  vessel.-;. 
It  is  better  than  molave  for  this  purpose,  for,  due  to  the  absence  of 
acrid  juices,  iron  bolts  do  not  corrode  it.  It  is  exceedingly  tough  and 
not  so  heavy  as  molave. 

Supa  {Slndora  wallichii.  Benth.)  gives  logs  up  to  40  feet  long  by 
28  inches  square.  It  produces  an  oil,  and  is  a  strong  wood  for  gen- 
eral purposes,  polishes  well,  and  can  be  used  advantageously  for  house 
decorations  and  furniture. 

Tindalo  {Epema  rhorriboidea)  is  about  the  same  as  Acle  in  its  prin- 
cipal features,  but  not  notable  for  resisting  fire.  It  is  useful  for  gen- 
eral purposes,  and  in  particular  for  decorations  and  furniture.  It  is 
somewhat  brittle,  and  takes  a  high  polish. 

Yacal  {Dipterocarpus  plagatus)  gives  logs  up  to  50  feet  long  by 
22  inches  square.  It  is  proof  against  white  ants,  has  great  strength 
and  tenacity,  and  is  much  valued  in  Manila  for  housebuilding,  etc 

The  hard  woods  of  the  Philippines  suitable  for  building  and  trade 
requirements  as  described  above  are  those  in  general  use  only.     Alto 
gether  about  fifty  kinds  exist,  but  while  some  are  scarce,  others  do 
not  yield  squared  logs  of  sufficient  sizes  to  be  of  marketable  value. 

HARBORS  IN  THE  PHILIPPINES. 

Luzon: 

Manila  Bay — 

Soundings,  5J  to  30  fathoms.     Probably  the  best  harbor  in  the  Pacific 
Port  Cavite — 

Soundings,  1J  to  2 %  fathoms. 
Laguinmanok  Bay — 

Soundings,  4  to  14  fathoms.     Open  to  the  south. 
Port  Sorsorgon — 

Soundings,  3  to  9  fathoms.     Well-sheltered  harbor. 
( iulf  of  Maynok — 

Soundings,  ;>.V  to  8  fathoms.     Open  to  the  east. 
Port  Pasgo — (iulf  of  Ragai — 

Soundings,  3J  to  5£  fathoms.     Open  to  the  southeast. 
Mauban  Bay — 

Soundings,  31  to  5£  to  10  fathoms.     Very  open  roadstead  to  southeast. 
Port  Subig— 

Soundings,  1 1  to  25  fret  in  the  roadstead. 
Port  Silanguin — 

Soundings,  10  to  28  feet.     Open  roadstead. 
Port  Masingluk — 

Soundings,  6J  to  16  fathoms.     Good  harbor. 
Port  Mataloi — 

Soundings,  5]  to  14  fathoms.     Good  harbor. 
[BLAND  ok  Mimi  \s.\o: 
Sibuko  Bay — 

Soundings,  11  to  27  fathoms.     Very  open  to  the  east. 
Dapitan  Bay — 

Soundings,  3 \  to  17  fathoms.     Very  open  to  the  northwest. 
Kanahisan  Cove — 

Soundings,  5J  to  27  fathoms.     Open  to  the  north. 
Port  Misainis — 

Soundings,  \\  to  7  fathoms.     Goes  far  into  the  coast. 
Palak  (Pollok)   Harbor- 
Si  landings,  3 J  to  26  fathoms.     Open  to  the  east. 
Port  Sarigao — 

Soundings,  11  to  17  fathoms.     Very  open  to  the  north. 
Caldera  Bay — 

Soundings,  5J  to  9i  fathoms.     Open  roadstead. 
Pajaga  Bay — 

Soundings,  4^  to  30  to  55  fathoms.     Very  large,  deep,  and  fine  harbor. 

44877 


28  PHILIPPINE    islands. 

Island  of  Mindanao— Continued. 
Porl  of  Santa  Maria— 

Soundings,  9  to  L5  fathoms.    Sheltered  harbor. 
Port  Palompon — 

Soundings,  4  to  12  fathoms,     very  open  to  east  and  south. 
Batiaunuy  Bay — 

Soundings,  4  J  to  20  fat  lion  is.     Open  to  unit  invest. 
Masbate  [bland: 
Nin  Bay — 

Soundings,  If  to  9  fathoms.    Open  to  the  southwest. 
Port  Mandaon — 

Soundings,  3}  to  9  fathoms.    Sheltered  harbor. 
Port  Barrera  or  Lanan — 

Soundings,  3,}  to  6  fathoms.     Shoals  near  shore: 
Port  Kataniyan — 

Soundings,  3\  to  17  fathoms.     Deeply  indented  and  sheltered. 
Port  Palanog — 

Soundings,  3|  to  30  fathoms.     Sheltered  and  fine  harhor. 
Cebu  Island: 

Port  Cehu,  between  Cehn  Island  and  Maktan  Island — 
Soundings,  2£  to  8  fathoms. 
Samar  Island: 
Port  Palapa — 

Soundings,  5£  to  12  fathoms.     Open  to  the  north. 
Katkulogan,  Bari,  and  Darajuai  anchorages — 

Open  anchorages  with  good  soundings. 
Port  Libas — 

Soundings,  3^  to  5£  to  17  fathoms.     Good  harbor. 
Sulu  Archipelago: 
Basilan  Island: 
Malusa  Bay — 

Soundings,  0  to  12  fathoms.     Very  open  to  the  southwest. 
Sulu  Island,  northeast  coast: 
Dalrymple  Harbor — 

Soundings,  6£  to  9  fathoms.    Very  open  to  the  northeast  and  northwest. 
Tawi  Tawi  Group: 

Bongao  anchorage — 

Soundings,  from  3|  to  7  fathoms. 
North  coast  of  Tawi  Tawi — 

Port  dos  Amigas,  from  26  to  46  feet.     Shoals  near  the  shore,  but  good 
anchorage. 
Mindoro: 

Port  Galera — 

Soundings,  3  £  to  15  fathoms.     Sheltered  harbor. 
Varadero  Bay — 

Soundings,  3?  to  12  fathoms.     Open  to  the  southeast. 
Sablayan  anchorage — 

Soundings,  3j  to  16  fathoms.     Very  open  to  the  south. 
Paluan  Bay — 

Soundings,  6  to  30  fathoms.     Very  open  to  the  south. 
Pan  ay  Island: 
Port  Iloilo— 

Soundings,  4|  to  17  fathoms;  soundings  in  the  river,  2£  to  3  fathoms.     In 
the  passage  between  Panay  and  Guimaras  Island. 
Port  Batan — 

Soundings,  4J  to  7  to  9  fathoms.     Well  sheltered. 
Palawan: 

West  coast — Harbor  of  Palawan — 

Soundings,  4  to  25  fathoms.     Deep,  but  open  to  the  northnorthwest. 
East  coast — Port  Royalist — 

Soundings,  4  £  to  25  fathoms    Sheltered  harbor. 
Port  Talm  Dak- 
Soundings,  1£  to  3£  to  10  fathoms.    Open  roadstead. 
Kalamion  or  Kalion   Island: 
Port  Kalion — 

Soundings,  6  to  15  fathoms.     Well-sheltered  harbor. 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS.  29 

Gtjiamaras  Island: 

Port  Baluagan  or  Santa  Ana — 

Soundings,  '6{  to  9  fathoms.     Sheltered  harbor. 
Dinagat  Island: 
Port  Gabo — 

Soundings,  12  to  18  fathoms.     Open  to  the  southeast 
Bukas  Island: 

Port-Sibonga — 

Soundings,  6  to  11  fathoms.     Well  sheltered  (in  part  unsurveyed). 
Maestro  de  Campo  Island: 
Port  Concepcion — 

Soundings,  3£  to  21  fathoms.     Open  to  the  east  and  southeast. 
Sikijor  Island: 
Port  Kanvan — 

Soundings,  2\  to  14  fathoms.     Open  to  the  northwest. 
Burias  Island: 
Port  Basainga — 

Soundings,  1£  to  7  fathoms.     Sheltered,  and  shoals  near  shore 
Port  Busin — 

Soundings,  ?,\  to  12  fathoms.     Sheltered  harbor. 
Kanahuan  Isla  n  i  is : 

Anchorages  between  the  islands  from  S\  to  12  fathoms. 
Tikao  Island: 
San  Jacinto — 

Soundings,  5J  to  17  fathoms.     Open  to  the  northeast. 
Port  San  Miguel — 

Soundings,  6J  to  31  fathoms. 
Lubang  Island: 
Luk  Bay — 

Soundings,  5J  to  10  fathoms.     Open  to  the  east. 
Romblon  Island: 

Soundings,  6  to  21  fathoms.     Good  harbor. 
Tablas  Island: 
Port  Luk— 

Soundings,  5 J  to  17  fathoms.     Very  well  sheltered  and  fine  harbor. 
Basuanga  Islands: 

Good  harbor  on  south  side. 


10 
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